Emilio Daniel Reyna-Ávila1, A.I. Luna-Maldonado1*, H. Rodríguez- Fuentes1, S.R. Sinagawa-García1, J.F. Gómez-Leyva2, J. Arredondo-Valdez3
1Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Francisco Villa S / N, C.P. 66050 Col. Ex-Hacienda El Canadá, General Escobedo, Nuevo León, México. 2TecNM- Technological Institute of Tlajomulco (ITT), Department of Molecular Biology, Km 10 Carr Tlajomulco, Cto. Metropolitano Sur, 45640 Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jal., México. 3TecNM-Technological Institute of Saltillo (ITS), Department of Mechatronics. Blvd. Venustiano Carranza, Priv. Tecnológico 2400, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila. México. Corresponding e-mail: alejandro.lunaml@uanl.edu.mx
Abstract: The scarcity of water and arable land is driving the development of new farming technologies, such as Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFAL). These systems help reduce water use, allow for year-round production, and eliminate the need for pesticides. These systems work well with leafy vegetables, especially baby leaves, as they provide a high amount of nutrients and are beneficial for health. Spinach is an excellent crop to grow in this way because it is abundant in vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Controlled environment agriculture is a promising solution for producing spinach in Nuevo León, where the climate hinders conventional techniques. In this experiment, three types of spinach (Virofly, Acadia F1, and Space F1) were grown in a controlled environment with a temperature of 22 ± 1 °C, a relative humidity of 53 ± 7%, and ambient CO2 levels. The plants were grown using a floating root hydroponic system with artificial RGB lighting (4.55:1:1 spectrum). The study assessed antioxidant activity, phenolic content, flavonoids, and photosynthetic pigments to determine the optimal variety for biomass production in a Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting. Virofly and Acadia F1 produced encouraging outcomes, whereas Space F1 was omitted due to seed non-viability. The majority of analyses showed no statistically significant differences between Acadia F1 and Virofly. This suggests that the common variety had comparable yields and nutraceutical properties to the hybrid when grown under the same conditions. Because Acadia F1 seeds cost ten times the amount, Virofly is the best choice for making the most savings without sacrificing quality.
N.M. Jaseem, I.A. Aubiedand K.S. Aljasim*
College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51001, Iraq. Corresponding e-mail: kawther.sahib@agre.uoqasim.edu.iq
Abstract: This study examined the influence of different rates of NPK, selenium (Se), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and their combination on two grapevine varieties, Khalili and Halwani. The experiment entailed the following treatments: NPK treatments (0, 1.5, and 3 mL L-1), and applications of Se and SiO2 (0 (control), 15 mg L-1 Se, 30 mg L-1 Se, 50 mg L-1 SiO2, 100 mg L-1 SiO2, and a combination of 30 mg L-1 Se and 100 mg L-1 SiO2). The findings demonstrated significant interaction effects of the three factors on various fruit and vegetative characteristics. The Khalili cultivar showed the greatest cluster length with 3 mL L-1 NPK and 30 mg L-1 Se, while the Halwani cultivar recorded the highest cluster weight under the combined treatment. In contrast, the control treatment of Halwani recorded the lowest values for these traits. The Halwani cultivar also registered the largest ten-berry mass and single berry mass in the presence of 3 mL L-1 NPK and 30 mg L-1 Se, and 100 mg L-1 SiO2. In contrast, the Khalili cultivar recorded the lowest values at 0 mL L-1 NPK and 50 mg L-1 SiO2. The maximum total sugar level in Khalili was observed with 3 mL L-1 NPK and 30 mg L-1 Se. These results indicate that NPK, in combination with selenium and silicon dioxide, can enhance the growth, yield, and quality of grape cultivars, particularly vegetative growth, positively influencing the main qualitative characteristics of grape berries.
M.Logesh1, Resmi Paul2* and U. Sreelatha1
1Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, India 680656. 2Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, India 680656. Corresponding e-mail: resmi.paul@kau.in
Abstract: India has a rich and extensive floral diversity, and flowers have long been cherished not only for their beauty but also for their role in culinary traditions. The phytochemicals (carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenols) and antioxidant properties (DPPH and ABTS assays) of ten selected ornamental flowers widely cultivated in tropical regions were evaluated in this study. Tagetes erecta and T. patula flowers recorded the highest carotenoid content (8.13 mg/100 g and 6.50 mg/100 g, respectively) and flavonoids (104.16 mg/100 g and 101.00 mg/100 g, respectively), making them promising sources. The highest phenolic content was observed in Cosmos sulphureus flowers (49.80 mg). Rosa damascena exhibited a strong antioxidant capacity in both DPPH (38.26 µg/mL) and ABTS (47.92 µg/mL) assays and the highest anthocyanin content (187.43 mg). The study demonstrated that the ornamental flowers examined, can serve as functional food ingredients, which are not typically included in diets, offering natural sources of anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenols, and carotenoids with strong antioxidant capacity to scavenge free radicals.
Abstract: A study was conducted to assess the effect of bio-preservatives and storage conditions on the biochemical and sensory quality of dragon fruit jelly. The treatments used were: P0: No preservative (Control); P1: 50 mL honey; P2: 25 mL ginger; P3: 4 g cardamom; with two storage temperatures, T0: ambient temperature (25±1°C) and T1: refrigerator temperature (10±1°C). The results revealed that jelly treated with honey had the highest pH (4.89, 4.62, and 4.40), TSS (67.91, 68.63, and 69.17 °Brix), ascorbic acid content (3.47, 3.23, and 2.93 mg/100 g), and the lowest microbial growth (0.50, 0.75, and 0.96 cfux10^3) when stored in the refrigerator for 10, 20, and 30 days, respectively. However, the maximum reducing sugar (27.22, 28.35, and 29.40%) was detected in honey-treated jelly stored at ambient temperature for 10, 20, and 30 days, respectively. The honey-treated jellies were the most organoleptically accepted of the treatments. It may be concluded that honey-treated dragon fruit jelly stored in refrigerated conditions minimized loss of quality attributes while keeping improved color and quality characteristics.
Shivanand Koti1*, Swamy G.S.K.1, Venkat Rao1, Jayashree Ugalat2, Shivanand D. Ainapur3, T. Yogananda4 and B.T. Sumanth5
1Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture (COH), Bengaluru, University of Horticultural Sciences (UHS), Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. 2Department of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, COH, UHS, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. 3Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, COH, UHS, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. 4Department of Entomology, COH, UHS, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. 5Department of Vegetable Science, COH, UHS, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: shivkoti36@gmail.com
Abstract: Pummelo (Citrus grandis L.) is an underutilized fruit crop in India, bearing the largest fruit among the citrus fruits, which includes the Geographically Indicated Devanahalli Pummelo of Karnataka. This study assessed the diversity of pummelo in the Devanahalli region of Karnataka, where cultivation remains limited despite its unique characteristics. The survey identified 40 genotypes based on morphological traits, and these were evaluated for 18 qualitative and 9 quantitative traits (tree, fruit, leaf, seed, and yield). Genotypes DBS-1 (451 Kg/tree), DAK-1 (449.49 kg/tree), and DNM-1 (436.56 kg/tree) exhibited superior yield performance (>300 fruits/plant). Correlation analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis revealed continuous variation in fruit characteristics, grouping the genotypes into four clusters (at 0.8 euclidean distance), with cluster II containing the most genotypes (8). The first three principal components explained 46.69 percent of the total variability (PC1=28.23%). These results are valuable for germplasm conservation and pummelo breeding programs.
A. Boukhennoufa1,2* and F.A. Bouali Youcef3
1Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Relizane. Algeria. 2Laboratory of Bioconversion, Microbiological Engineering and Health Safety, University of Mustapha Stambouli, Mascara 29000 Algeria. 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis Mostaganem University, Algeria. Corresponding e-mail: asma.boukhennoufa@univ-relizane.dz
Abstract: The present study focused on the extraction and quality analysis of Pelargonium graveolens oil, as well as its use in preserving fresh orange juice during short-term storage as a natural alternative to synthetic compounds. The yield of extraction and physicochemical properties of the essential oil were evaluated, and subsequently tested for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion method. Freshly squeezed orange juice was transferred into three sterile 100 mL bottles. P. graveolens essential oil was sterilized by filtration through a 0.22 ?m membrane under aseptic conditions and added at 0 ?L (control), 50 ?L, and 100 ?L doses. Samples were stored at room temperature for microbial analysis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of oil identified citronellol as the major constituent, followed by geraniol. The antifungal and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was very significant against Candida albicans, but weak against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interestingly, complete inhibition was observed in orange juice stored at room temperature with the highest essential oil concentration. Bacterial growth was also not observed in juice samples, regardless of whether they were treated with or without essential oil. The results indicate that the essential oil of P. graveolens exhibits significant antifungal activity and, therefore, may be used as a natural preservative in fresh juices to improve microbiological stability during short-term storage.
1Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India. 2Department of Horticulture (Vegetable Science), Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour-813210, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India. Corresponding e-mail: vishal.ambro@gmail.com; vishal.26759@lpu.co.in
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted under Punjab (India) conditions, during 2023-24, to analyze the effect of foliar application of sulphur nanoparticles (SNPs) and humic acid (HA) on onion growth, yield and quality. Six treatments consisting of a control (water spray), single applications of SNPs (20 ppm) and HA (500 or 1000 ppm), and their combinations and applied at 30 and 60 days after transplanting with a randomized block design with three replications. Results indicated that SNPs and HA had a remarkable effect (P < 0.05) on promoting plant growth, bulb yield, and quality properties compared to the control. HA (1000 ppm) with SNPs (20 ppm) combination improved growth vigour, whereas HA (500 ppm) with SNPs (20 ppm) resulted in better enhancements for bulb yield and quality factors, including bulb weight, size, and total soluble solids. These results indicate that the application of foliar-based humic acid and sulphur nanoparticles could effectively improve onion productivity and quality.
Pashtiwan J.M. Zeebaree1* and Ghurbat Hassan Mohammed2
1Department of Food Production and Technology, Technical College of Duhok, Duhok Polytechnic University, Iraq. 2Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Iraq. ?pashtiwan.mahmood@dpu.edu.krd
Abstract: A field experiment was performed at Dinaran village, Bardarash district, Duhok governate, Kurdistan region-Iraq during the spring season of 2024 aiming to study the impact of three levels of nano NPK fertilizer (0, 2 and 4 g L-1) and three levels of amino acid (0, 3 and 6 mL L-1) as foliar application on vegetative growth, yield traits and mineral content in leaves of two potato cultivars (Harry and Lucinda). The experiment was arranged in a split-split plot design, following the randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates. The results showed that the Harry cultivar was better than Lucinda cultivars in chlorophyll content (44.36), leaf nitrogen content (2.25 %), plant yield (1.309 kg plant-1) and total yield (50.02 t ha-1). No significant differences were observed between cultivars in the number of aerial stems, phosphorus, and potassium content in leaves. Spraying the potato plant with both individual doses of both factors significantly increased all parameters compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the dual and triple combination treatments among cultivars, as well as the use of nano NPK fertilizer and amino acid, yielded the highest values for the studied parameters of potato plants.
Angelo L. Lozano*and Jay Mark G. Cortado
1Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union 2515 Philippines. Corresponding e-mail: alozano@dmmmsu.edu.ph
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i04.109
Key words: Crop improvement, Durio zibethinus, horticulture, pest and disease management, orchard, postharvest technology
Abstract: Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is an economically important fruit crop in Southeast Asia, with the Philippines showing increasing interest in expanding its durian industry to meet rising domestic and global demand. This review synthesizes 25 years (2000–2025) of research on durian in the Philippines, focusing on 22 Scopus-indexed publications. The review highlights key advances in varietal development, disease diagnostics, postharvest innovations, digital agriculture, and the valorization of by-products. Some of the breakthroughs are in participatory breeding and fertilization trials; machine learning for disease detection and fruit classification, as well as tools with capacity to rapidly detect diseases and ensure food safety. Sustainable production is also enhanced through the incorporation of native knowledge systems and climate-smart farming methods. However, systemic constraints persist, such as no centralized breeding program, lack of availability of certified planting materials, uneven extension service and undeveloped market infrastructure. The results highlight the necessity of efforts to promote technology adoption while improving farmer-extension links and addressing climate and disease pressures. This paper serves as the basis for guiding future research, policy, and development interventions to develop a more resilient, inclusive and globally competitive durian industry in the Philippines.
P.T.Pham¹*,T.T.Nguyen²andM.T.Le³
1Faculty of Biology, Hanoi Pedagogical University 2, Hanoi, Vietnam. 2Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Thai Nguyen, Vietnam. 3Thai Nguyen University – Lao Cai Campus, Lao Cai, Vietnam. Corresponding e-mail: phamphuongthu@hpu2.edu.vn
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i04.110
Key words: Paphiopedilum dianthum, in vitro propagation,shootmultiplication,plantgrowthregulators,rooting,organicadditives
Abstract: This study aimed to develop an in vitropropagation protocol for Paphiopedilum dianthum, an endemic Vietnamese orchid currently under severe threat in its natural habitat due to overexploitation and habitat degradation. This study presents the first optimized protocol for the mass propagation of P. dianthum in vitro. The full-strength MS medium was identified as optimal for asymbiotic seed germination, achieving a germination rate of 76.67% and protocorm formation within 70–84 days. During shoot regeneration from protocorms, the addition of 1.0 mg L-1 BAP resulted in the highest regeneration rate (83.17%) and produced morphologically uniform shoots. Furthermore, a combination of 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 TDZ yielded a favorable shoot multiplication rate (1.47) while maintaining shoot quality. Organic additives such as 20 mL L-1 coconut water or 30 g L-1 banana pulp enhanced shoot height and leaf number, indicating the stimulatory effects of natural hormone sources. For rooting, 1.0 mg L-1 IBA was the most effective auxin, producing superior root number and length. During acclimatization, a substrate mixture of pine bark, charcoal, sawdust (1:1:1), and forest moss led to the highest survival rate. This protocol contributes to the conservation and propagation of the rare and endangered orchid species P. dianthum in Vietnam.
Ibtissam Boussaoudi1*, Hajar Afqir2,3, Brahim Mahamat Ousman4, Ahmed Lamarti5 and Noureddine El Mtili1
1Laboratory of Biology and Health, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences BP. 2121, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 93002 Tetouan, Morocco. 2 Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Morocco. 3 Department of Plant and Environment Protection, National School of Agriculture, Meknes, Morocco. 4 Biology, Ecology and Health Laboratory (UAE/U 08). 5 Faculty of Sciences, BP. 2121, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco, and the National Federation Associations of Healers and Practitioners of Medicine, the Ministry of Public Health of Chad, N’Djamena, Republic of Chad. 5Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences BP. 2121, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 93002 Tetouan, Morocco. Corresp
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i04.111
Key words: Laurus nobilis L, chemical profile, HPLC-DAD, and phenolic compounds
Abstract: Laurus nobilis L., bay leaf, is widely used as a spice and medicinal herb. The purpose of this research was to characterize the chemical profile of different vegetative organs from Moroccan L. nobilis (leaves, shoots and roots) using HPLC-DAD method. Magnetic stirring extraction was used to extract biomolecules with higher biological activities, utilizing two solvents with higher polarities, namely acetone and ethanol. The extracts were then analyzed by HPLC-DAD technique. The current study revealed that acetone and ethanol are the good solvents for extraction and identification of biomolecules with different percentages (GA (3.78118-5.9418%), Q (15.4982-100%); than ethanol (Q (8.539-25.787%) and R (88.913%)). According to the findings, acetone solvent was shown to be the most efficient solvent for extracting of phenolic compounds from L. nobilis than ethanol. We demonstrated that L. nobilis is a rich source of phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, quercetin, and rutin, that may be used as candidate drugs to cure or prevent diverse and complex disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Although more research in the future should be conducted to reveal the beneficial effects of this plant in different fields, including food, cosmetics, and phytotherapy.
1Department of Economics, PDUAM, Tulungia, Bongaigaon-783383, Assam, India. 2Department of Economics, T.H.B. College, Jamugurihat-784189, Assam, India. 3Department of Economics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh -786004, Assam, India, 4Department of Economics, Madhabdev University, Narayanpur, Lakhimpur-784164, Assam, India. Corresponding e-mail: manuranjan7@gmail.com
Abstract: Organic tea cultivation tends to exhibit distinct pricing and profitability dynamics compared to conventional tea farming practices. Guided by this objective, this study aims to analyze the price spread and identify marketing channel patterns, as well as assess the marketing efficiency of Assam’s organic tea. The study selected a total of 156 samples, comprising 94 organic tea growers, 35 retailers, and 27 village traders. The study employed specific formulas to analyze the price spread and marketing efficiency, utilizing Acharya’s approach to calculate the marketing efficiency of organic tea growers. The study identified four distinct marketing channels for organic tea: Channel I was the direct link where growers sell tea directly to consumers. In Channel II, retailers act as intermediaries between growers and consumers. Channel III includes an additional step where tea passes from growers to village traders, then to retailers, and finally to consumers. Channel IV connects growers to village traders, who then sell tea directly to consumers. The study found that Channel I exhibited higher marketing efficiency for both types of organic tea, i.e., green tea (0.68) and black tea (0.65). Additionally, the second most efficient channel for both types of tea is Channel IV, with an efficiency score of 0.19. Furthermore, the efficiency levels of Channel II and Channel III were found to be the same for green tea, at 0.18. In the case of black tea, the efficiency scores for Channel II and Channel III were 0.18 and 0.17, respectively.
Rubeena Abbas, Sumit K. Soni and Israr Ahmad*
Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226101, India. Corresponding e-mail: israr15ahmad@gmail.com
Abstract: The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the major fruit crops in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, especially in Asia. In North India, thousands of farmers depend on the commercial mango cultivar ‘Dashehari’; however, the fruit quality is severely impacted by a mesocarp-specific malady called Jelly Seed. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are naturally occurring, endogenous, non-coding RNA molecules that play a crucial role in post-transcriptional gene regulation either by directing mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. Raw reads from Jelly seed transcriptome data were used for lncRNA identification and the sequences of identified lncRNA were used to mine miRNA encoded by lncRNA. A total of 11 putative miRNAs from 5 different families were identi?ed. psRNA Target tool and BLAST2GO analysis were used to identify and annotate targets. The predicted targets of miRNAs revealed a wide range of gene targets for both translational and cleavage-type inhibition, conforming the hypothesis that a single miRNA might target genes engaged in several metabolic pathways and physiological functions. Predicted miRNA target genes, transcription factors (Glutathione peroxidase, Phytoene synthase, ACS, CNR8, TIFY, MYBetc) and structural genes (Histone) associated with different functional pathways. This work has led to the discovery of conserved putative miRNAs encoded by putative lncRNA, targeting the regulation of lncRNA, enzymatic and TFs genes. The findings of this study will help to study the functions and regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in jelly seed malady and fruit ripening.
Tarek A. Fayed1, Mohamed A. Abd-Elfattah1 and Aya M. Abd El-Aziz1*
1Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: aya.mohamed3007@Agr.cu.edu.eg
Abstract: Organic fertilization has been proposed as an alternative method for supplying fruit trees with nutrients in the context of organic and sustainable agriculture. Seaweed extracts offer a natural alternative to chemical fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted in the plum research orchard at the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, over two successive seasons (2022-2024) to evaluate the impact of organic manures and foliar seaweed application on enhancing the vegetative growth of young solar eclipse trees. Organic manure treatments were applied as cattle manure (12.6 kg per tree), sheep manure (10.6 kg per tree) and cattle plus sheep manures (1:1) compared to NPK chemical fertilizers (120 N, 60 P and 100 K). The treatments were applied alone or in combination with the foliar application of seaweed extract at a rate of 0.75 g/L once every two weeks during the growing season. The obtained results revealed that the treatment, cattle plus sheep manure exhibited significantly the highest values in trunk diameter, new shoot length, leaf number and tree canopy volume. The cattle plus sheep manure treatment had almost the highest leaf area. Leaf chlorophyll content was significantly higher using cattle plus sheep manures. In addition, a mixture of cattle and sheep manures applied to the soil, combined with foliar application of seaweed extract, showed the highest content of leaf nutrients, total carbohydrates, and total amino acids. Chemical characteristics and vegetative growth were improved by using organic manures combined with foliar applications of seaweed extract. This method could be considered an alternative to traditional fertilization of young plum trees.
Loan Thanh Pham* and Thu Le Thi Hoang
Institute of Applied Research and Development, Hung Vuong University, Nong Trang Ward, Viet Tri City, Phu Tho Province, Vietnam. Corresponding e-mail: phamthanhloan@hvu.edu.vn
Abstract: The study was undertaken to determine the appropriate concentration of Atonik formulation (plant growth regulator containing sodium-5-nitroguaiacolate, sodium-O-nitrophenolate and sodium-P-nitrophenolate) to obtain good growth, high seed productivity and high silymarin content in the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.). The experiment consisted of four treatments with different Atonik concentrations (0.25 mL L-1, 0.5 mL L-1, 0.75 mL L-1 and a control treatment with only water spray), arranged in a completely randomized block design and conducted in Xuan Ang commune, Ha Hoa district, Phu Tho province, Vietnam in 2023-2024. Monitoring the growth parameters, yield, and silymarin content in the seeds. The research results show that Atonik has increased the yield and silymarin content in milk thistle seeds. The milk thistle plants treated with Atonik at a concentration of 0.5 mL L-1, produced 82.9 seeds/flower head, with 63.4 firm seeds/flower head and a firm seed weight of 1.55 g per flower head. On the main flower head, the number of firm seeds reached 87.5 seeds/flower head with a firm seed weight of 2.21 g/flower head. At this treatment concentration, seed yield increased to 532.2 kg/ha, with the majority of the yield (82%) concentrated in the first harvest. At the same time, the silymarin content in the seeds was also significantly improved, with the silymarin content in the seeds at the main flower heads being 2.54% and the silymarin content in the seeds at the lateral flower heads being 2.26%. Therefore, treating with Atonik at a concentration of 0.5 mL L-1 twice, 40 days and 60 days after planting, is suitable to enhance the yield and silymarin content of milk thistle seeds in Vietnam.
Heba M. Naguib¹*, Mohammed Hewidy², Mohsen Nabil³, Mohamed A. Aboelghar³, Marwa S. Moustafa³, Nasser Salem³, and Abdelraouf M. Ali³,?
¹Department of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Environmental Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. ²Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 68 Hadayek Shoubra, 11241 Cairo, Egypt. ³National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 23 Joseph Tito Street, El-Nozha El-Gedida, P.O. Box 1564 Alf Maskan, Cairo, Egypt. ?Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russia. Corresponding e-mail: heba.mohamed.nagib@iesr.asu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i04.116
Key words: AdaBoost, Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, k-Nearest Neighbors, machine learning, plant species identification, Principal Component Analysis, Random Forest, spectral reflectance, Support Vector Machines.
Abstract: Plant species identification using spectral profiles is crucial for agriculture, ecology, and remote sensing, enabling accurate biodiversity monitoring and precision farming. A two-step scheme is proposed in this study for classifying plant species based on spectral reflectance profiles. In the first stage, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed for dimension reduction, and in the second stage, feature selection was achieved using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO). Four machine-learning algorithms, namely the Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), AdaBoost, and k-Nearest Neighbours (KNN), were employed to study the spectral signatures of 31 plant species from three families: Moraceae (with 16 species), Fabaceae (with 8 species), and Euphorbiaceae (with 7 species). Results indicated that the two-stage classification framework enhanced model performance, with SVM and RF attaining accuracies of 89.0% and 87.0%, respectively, compared with 75.0% for KNN and 68.0% for AdaBoost. These results confirm the potential of a two-stage process approach for scalable and high-throughput species identification in ecological and agricultural applications.
Haiyan Wang1,#, Fei Xu1,#, Yang Liu1, Lu-Lu Yu1*
1Center for Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, Hubei, China. Corresponding e-mail: lulu2019@whsw.edu.cn. #The first two authors contributed equally to this work.
Abstract: We developed an efficient in vitro propagation system for Haworthia truncata Schönland by testing hormone treatments for primary culture, callus induction, bud differentiation, and rooting. Young, unopened flower buds were the best explants. The optimal initiation medium, consisting of MS with 3.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.2 mg/L NAA, resulted in callus formation within 7 days. For bud induction, a medium with 1.0 mg/L kinetin achieved a 17-fold callus proliferation rate and 83.7% bud induction after 30 d. Rooting was best on 1/2 MS medium with 1.0 mg/L NAA, with root tips appearing within 10 days, yielding 3.0 taproots per plantlet, averaging 2.0 cm in length after 30 days. These findings show enhanced propagation efficiency of Haworthia truncata tissue culture, addressing issues related to vitrification and leggy growth.
Naimur Rahman, Amrul Kayes, Tanzena Akter Shawon1, Tristy Rani Mohonto, Nazrul Islam and Shormin Choudhury*
Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh. Corresponding e-mail: shormin2000@gmail.com
Abstract: A study was conducted to investigate the impact of various seed priming methods on the germination, vigour, yield, and quality parameters of spinach under both laboratory and field conditions. The treatments used for germination and vigour test were: control (no treatment), coconut water (50%), CaCl2 (2%), KCl (1%), NaCl (3%), ZnSO4 (400 ppm), ascorbic acid (40 ppm), salicylic acid (50 ppm), PEG-6000 (20%), GA3 (25 ppm), GA3 (50 ppm), GA3 (100 ppm), distilled water, and hot water (50° C for 5 minutes. The result revealed that the maximum germination percentage (100%) was obtained by coconut water, CaCl2, salicylic Acid, and PEG-6000. For rate of germination, CaCl2 performed the best (25.08). In the case of the vigour index, ascorbic acid and GA3 (50 ppm) showed the best result, at 8.91. Among the 14 treatments, the best performing nine treatments (coconut water, KCl, ZnSO4, ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, PEG, GA3 (50 ppm), and distilled water) were selected for the field experiment based on germination % (90%), rate of germination (≥20) and vigor index (≥6). The results revealed that GA3 performed best in most parameters, including plant height, root length, number of leaves per plant, both shoot and root fresh and dry weight, leaf area, yield, ascorbic acid content, and titratable acidity, when grown under field conditions. However, CaCl2 yielded the best results in terms of photosynthetic pigments and total soluble solids. It can be concluded that GA3 (50 ppm) primed seeds produce more vigorous seedlings and a maximum yield of leaves under field conditions.
Pankaj Nautiyal*, Anjali Sahu, Mohit Singh, Trilok Nath Rai, Traloki Singh and Thanga Anusya S
Abstract: Banana (Grand Naine, G-9) cultivation, integrated with ICAR-FUSICONT and CSR GROW-SURE bio-inputs, has shown encouraging results in improving productivity and sustainability in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. On field demonstrations conducted under ICAR-CSSRI, KVK initiatives in Hardoi district (U.P.) showed that the combined use of these bio-formulations significantly improved plant growth and profitability. The two-year average yield of banana stood at 573 q/ha, nearly seven times higher than the average combined yield of the rice-wheat system (81.07 q/ha). Gross returns increased from Rs. 1.67 lakh/ha (control) to Rs. 7.62 lakh/ha (treated), while net returns also increased from Rs. 1.17 lakh/ha to Rs. 6.10 lakh/ha. The Benefit–Cost ratio (B:C ratio) also improved, increasing from 2.10 to 4.02. It was observed that, at an overall level, the coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.88, indicating that 88% of the variation in banana production was explained by the variables included in the function. It was also revealed from the data that variables such as plants (X1), ICAR-FUSICONT (X4), CSR GROW-SURE (X5), potassium (K) (X8), and irrigation cost (X9) have a positive and statistically significant effect on output at the 5% level. Moreover, the negative signs for the coefficients of nitrogen (N) (X6), phosphorus (P) (X7), and plant protection cost (X10) indicate a misuse or inefficiency in their application. Feminine work (X3) also has a large negative effect at 1%. Male labour (X2) proved to be insignificant, meaning that X2 had a minimal influence on productivity in the model. The study also indicates that the use of planting material, ICAR-FUSICONT, CSR GROW-SURE, and irrigation charges is underutilised, and its MVP/Px ratios vary between 5.36 and 19.42, indicative of an opportunity cost with scope for additional application in a gainful operation. In comparison, the negative or low MVP/Px ratio of labour (male and female), N, P, K and plant protection charges indicates overuse of these resources.
M. Chumber1, S. Jhanji2*, M. Bala2 and M. Dhingra3
1Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. 2Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. 3Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. shalinijhanji@pau.edu
Abstract: Chrysanthemum is renowned in the floriculture market for its cut flowers, with commercial value highly dependent on its postharvest longevity. Both pre- and postharvest factors influence the postharvest life of oranamental crops. This study evaluated the postharvest performance of five spray chrysanthemum varieties grown under three planting treatments: early planting in March (P1), early planting along artificial SDs (P2) in March and normal planting (P3) in August. The analyzed results for postharvest quality parameters were found to be significantly affected with planting treatments. Yellow Delight flowered earlier under manipulated photoperiod and temperature (P1 and P2) but exhibited shorter vase life (took 16.83 and 13.00 days for complete floret senescence and 12.00 and 11.00 days for 50% leaf yellowing under P1 and P2, respectively). In contrast, Punjab Shyamli, despite delayed flowering under P1 and P2 synchronizedblooming with P3 and had the longest vase life(took 20.50 and 21.83 days for complete floret senescence and 16.67 and 17.83 days for 50% leaf yellowing under P1 and P2, respectively). The planting treatments P1 and P2 also had a negative impact on postharvest quality due to the suboptimal temperatures experienced during both the growth stage and the postharvest life. Pearson Correlation analysis revealed strong direct correlations between RWC, MSI, TSS, and TSP. RWC was inversely related to peroxidase (POD) activity, implying that lower water retentions and membrane stability under stress were associated with increased POD activity, which served to scavenge stress. Proline and (POD) activity were found to be negatively correlated with senescence, indicating that they may play a role in stress tolerance. These findings highlighted the effect of pre-harvest environmental conditions on the postharvest life of cut chrysanthemum stems, as well as the potential role of physiological and biochemical markers in improving stress tolerance and vase life of cut chrysanthemum flowers.
Jeetmanyu Pratikbhai Agrawal1 and Ajay Goyal2*
1Ahmedabad International School, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054 India. 2Institute of Design, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.Corresponding e-mail: ajay.goyal@nirmauni.ac.in
Abstract: Crop availability is determined by the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, as well as environmental factors. The majority of crop recommendation models are primarily based on physical soil properties. Nonetheless, these approaches typically do not incorporate biological features, predict only one crop per sample, or use low-flexibility learning algorithms. To address the aforementioned limitations, this study introduces a biologically inspired machine-learning methodology for predicting the single and three most suitable crops based on soil-function indices (Soil Health Index and Contaminant Risk Index) calculated from microbial responses, soil structural properties, and contaminant markers. A dataset containing the physical and chemical properties of various types of soil was examined, which included soil samples collected from diverse agroecological regions across India, representing a broad range of soil types and climatic zones. The percentages of low SHI (62% degraded) and high CRI (66.66% contaminated) were 76.69 and 80.41, respectively. Supervised learning algorithms were implemented to handle a total of 13 single-crop responses. The model that combined Random Forest with Bagged Trees achieved 91.25% accuracy and an F1-score of 91.05%, with full (100%) test sample classification performance for the crops Coconut, Coffee, Rice, and Wheat. For multi-label classification, Bagged Trees achieved an exact match ratio of 84.00% and a Precision@3 of 79.08% in predicting the top three crops per sample. Errors occurred when crops had overlapping soil requirements (e.g., tomato and zucchini). This study may provide support for biologically guided crop selection in intercropping and a sustainable land-use system.
Aura Senson1*, T. Santhosh Kumar2, N. Chitra3, B.G. Sangeetha4 and Thania Sara Varghese5
1Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani (Kerala Agricultural University) 695522, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. 2Coconut Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Balaramapuram, Kerala, 695501, India. 3Department of Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani (Kerala Agricultural University) 695522, India. 4Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-CTCRI, Sreekariyam. P.O., Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695017, India. 5AICRP in honeybees and pollinators, College of Agriculture, Vellayani (Kerala Agricultural University) 695522, India. Corresponding e-mail:aurasenson@gmail.com
Abstract: Coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros L., is a major pest of coconut, with its larval stages dwelling in rotten or decomposed organic matter. Insecticides, a part of integrated pest management, act as a curative measure. However, chemicals recommended for managing the rhinoceros beetle grubs have been phased out. Hence this study evaluates comparative toxicity of four different insecticides at two different doses viz., Fipronil 0.3 % GR 0.0375 g kg-1, 0.075 g kg-1, Cartap hydrochloride 4 % G 0.05 g kg-1, 0.1 g kg-1, Chlorantraniliprole 0.4 % GR 0.025 g kg-1, 0.05 g kg-1 and Thiamethoxam 25 % WG 0.0002 g kg-1, 0.0005 g kg-1 against the third instar larval stages in laboratory. The experiment was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The highest mortality was observed with Cartap hydrochloride 4 % G 0.1 g kg-1 within 15 days after treatment (DAT), followed by chlorantraniliprole 0.4 % GR 0.05 g kg-1 and Cartap hydrochloride 4 % G 0.05 g kg-1. The above three treatments showed 100% mortality at 20 DAT. The time required for 50 % mortality (LT50) was lowest with Cartap hydrochloride 4 % G 0.1 g kg-1 (7 days), followed by chlorantraniliprole 0.4 % GR 0.05 g kg-1 and Cartap hydrochloride 4 % G 0.05 g kg-1, as determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, compared to the total microbial count in untreated cow dung, bacterial and actinomycete colony count decreased in all treatments, while fungal count increased in treatments such as fipronil 0.3 % GR 0.0375 g kg-1, Cartap hydrochloride 4 % G 0.05 g kg-1, 0.1 g kg-1, andthiamethoxam 25 % WG 0.0002 g kg-1, 0.0005 g kg-1.
Effat E. El-Maadawy, Afaf M. Habib, Hossam A. Ashour and Neama M. Elasar*
Abstract: A pot experiment was carried out during 2022/ 2023 and 2023/2024 seasons to investigate the response of Dypsis lutescens plants grown in different potting media to conventional or Nano NPK Fertilization 20 treatments was symbolized by the interaction between four various potting media, i.e. clay+peat-moss+sand, perlite+peat-moss+sand, vermiculite+ peat-moss+sand, and compost+peat-moss+sand (1:1:1 by volume) and five monthly soil drenching of different fertilization treatments including either conventional NPK at two and four g.pot-1 or Nano NPK at two and four mL L-1, in addition to the unfertilized plants (control) on Dypsis lutescens palm plants. The experiment was designed with 3 replications in a split-plot design; growing media were allocated to the main plots, while fertilization treatments were allocated to the sub-plots. The results revealed that the plants grown in potting media consists of clay+peat-moss+sand (by volume, 1:1:1) and received Nano NPK at the highest concentration (4 mL L-1) had the most significant values of vegetative growth attributes (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, length of the root, number of roots per plant, plant width and dry weights of shoots and roots), total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates, N, P and K percentages, contents of Fe, Mn and Zn, phenols and indoles contents. Based on the outcomes, it is recommended that, for optimal quality and growth of Dypsis lutescens, the plants be cultivated in a medium of clay + peat + sand (by volume, 1:1:1) and provided monthly with Nano NPK at 4 mL L-1.
1Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Noida, UP- 201303. 2University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, KA-580005. .3Polytechnic of Organic Farming, Regional Agricultural Research Station, ANGRAU, Chintapalle, AP-531111. 4Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, KA-560065. Corresponding e-mail:vishwauas@gmail.com, ckumar@amity.edu
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted employing a randomized complete block design with fourteen treatments, combining varying levels of conventional and nano-fertilizer (N & K) foliar sprays at Bagepalli, Karnataka, India, to determine their effects on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of potato under field conditions during rabi 2022. Data were recorded on growth, yield, and yield-attributing traits, as well as nutrient uptake. Results revealed that application of 75 % recommended nitrogen (N) and Potassium (K) + three foliar nano N and K applications at 30, 45 & 60 DAP (days after planting) - T14 consistently produced the highest plant height (40.44 cm and 51.5 cm), SPAD values (28.63 and 50.10) at 30 and 60 DAP respectively, fresh tuber yield per plant (336.79 g), number of marketable (5.3 tuber/plant), total biological yield (42.67 t/ha), fresh tuber yield (23.69 t/ha) and nutrient uptake (188.99, 55.80, 134.25 NPK kg/ha, respectively) as compared to the control. It was on par with T13 (75 % recommended N and K + two foliar nano N and K application) and T2 (125: 100: 125 kg N: P2O5: K2O kg/haand FeSO4 and ZnSO4 @ each 10 kg/ha) integrating nano-fertilizers in nutrient management reduces the potential environmental risks posed by over use of conventional fertilizers such as underground water pollution and increased soil salinity as they require very less application rates. The findings support adopting nanotechnology-based nutrient management as a sustainable strategy to optimize fertilizer use, improve crop performance, and mitigate environmental impacts in potato cultivation.
Arati Yadawad1*, A.M Aruthesh1, K. Nishmitha2 and H.S. Chaitanya1
1Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Ullal, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka-575020, India. 2Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavara, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka-576213, India. * E-mail: aratiyadawad@uahs.edu.in
Abstract: The present study aimed to characterize okra accessions for morphological agronomic traits to identify promising accessions with high quality and market value for successful utilization in future breeding programmes. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Ullal, belonging to the coastal zone of Karnataka, during 2023-24. Sixty-two distinct accessions, including three potential genotypes, Halu bhindi, Phule Vimukta and Radhika, were planted in randomized complete block design with two replications. Observations were recorded on 25 morphological traits, following the DUS characteristics of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, and on six agronomic traits. Mean performance and ANOVA for 62 okra accessions revealed highly significant variation in GCV and PCV, coupled with high heritability, and GAM was recorded for all the agronomic traits, indicating the scope for achieving high genetic gain from selection. Halu Bhindi—white velvet okra, a popular local genotype, was identified as a promising variety for fruit length, fruit weight, and yield per plant, indicating potential for its utilization in a breeding programme to develop high-yielding okra genotypes. K-means clustering identified 10 distinct phenotypic clusters. A dendrogram generated by hierarchical clustering of okra accessions using UPGMA analysis showed high diversity among 62 accessions. Halu Bhindi was highly diverse across all accessions, forming an entirely distinct cluster, indicating the diverse nature of this genotype. The present investigation provides valuable insights into okra breeding, germplasm conservation, and genetic research to enhance sustainability and improve this nutritive vegetable crop of commercial value.
Mykola Kovalov1, Iryna Sokolovska2* and Yurii Mashchenko3
1Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine. 2Kherson State Agrarian and Economic University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine. 3Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine. Corresponding e-mail:marketing-kiapv@ukr.net.
Abstract: Growing tomatoes in film greenhouses is an important direction in modern vegetable growing. One promising method for increasing tomato productivity is grafting, which allows combining the positive characteristics of different varieties and types. Non-standard grafting methods for tomato cultivation, such as cleft grafting and splice grafting, influenced the biometric indicators and productivity of tomato hybrids with various growth types, providing options for cultivation in controlled environments. In cleft-grafted tomato hybrids, where both the rootstock and scion had a determinate growth type, the highest degree of semi-determinacy expression was observed. When grafting plants by splicing, all the hybrids we studied showed a higher degree of indeterminacy. The impact of grafting on the duration of the growing season for tomato hybrids in controlled environments and on the expression of late maturity was confirmed; however, no effect of the grafting method on inflorescence flowering time was established. Hybrid tomato varieties created through cleft grafting showed higher fruit yield than splice-grafted hybrids. The most productive were the grafted hybrids Pink Delight F1 (13.8 kg m-1) and Ronda F1 (14.2 kg m-1). Increasing the productivity of the Pink Delight F1 tomato hybrid through grafting with a determinate rootstock, regardless of the method, provides an advantage when selecting hybrids for cultivation in controlled environments.
A.J. Akshay1, I. Priya Kumari2, M. Rafeekher3, R.V..Manju4, B. Bindu5 and S. Simi6
1,6Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvanthapuram – 695522, Kerala Agricultural University. 2,3Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvanthapuram – 695522, Kerala Agricultural University. 4Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvanthapuram – 695522, Kerala Agricultural University. 5 Farming Systems Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Sadanandapuram, Kottarakkara, Kollam – 691531, Kerala Agricultural University. Corresponding e-mail:priyakumari.i@kau.in
Abstract: The effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment through trench system on the growth of jackfruit seedlings was investigated. Seedlings were grown under four experimental treatments comprising two CO2 treatments (elevated CO2 environment and elevated CO2 environment with 3% urea spray at a fortnightly interval) and two standard conditions (urea spray at 3% at a fortnightly interval and control). Rootstocks under elevated CO2 conditions and a 3% foliar urea spray for 60 or 120 days showed the best growth responses. Significant differences were observed among the growth parameters like shoot height, shoot girth, number of leaves (at 60 and 120 days after sowing), leaf area, root weight, shoot weight and dry matter production (at 120 days after sowing). The peak CO2 level was 769 ppm; the average level measured was approximately 200 ppm higher than the surrounding atmosphere. Modifying the microclimate by generating carbon dioxide from decomposing organic compounds, such as coir pith, within a trench system, along with additional nitrogen fertilization, is a cost-effective method for increasing the active rootstock of jackfruit, which is important for improving the success rate of vegetative propagation through the budding method.
Anshu Verma1#, Shardulya Shukla2#, Kaushal Kumar3,Tsewang Norbu1, Jagraj Singh4, Manoj Kumar5, Om Prakash Chaurasia1 and Dorjey Angchok1*
1Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, DRDO Leh-Ladakh, India. 2ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow, India. 3Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. 4School of Agricultural Studies, Geeta University, Panipat, Haryana, India. 5Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Shobhit Deemed University, Meerut, U.P., India. #: authors have equal contribution as first author. Corresponding e-mail:achuk1974@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i04.128
Key words: Cucumis sativus; high-altitude; Ladakh; mulching; yield; mineral content
Abstract: This study investigates the impact of black polythene mulch (BPM) on the growth, yield, and mineral composition of cucumber crops in a cold, arid, high-altitude region of Ladakh, India. The research was conducted under open-field conditions at the Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Leh, India, during 2022 and 2023. Two cucumber cultivars, Japanese Long Green (JLG) and BSS 647, were used in both mulched and non-mulched conditions. Mulching significantly improved plant height (JLG: 150.01 cm and BSS-647: 144.29 cm), leaf area (JLG: 166.73 cm2 and BSS-647: 164.91 cm2), stem diameter (JLG: 10.20 mm and BSS-647: 10.00 mm), leaf chlorophyll content (JLG: 29.9 and BSS-647: 30.32 CCI) and yield (JLG: 690.37 q/ha and BSS-647: 737.06 q/ha). The Total soluble solid (4.73 ºB), titratable acidity (1.00 %), sulphate (97.28 mg/kg), Mg (370.77 mg/100g) and Mn (8.04 mg/100g) content were found in BSS-647 cultivar whereas crude protein (14.83 g/100g), phosphate (650.35 mg/kg), N (2373.56 mg/100g), Zn (4.59 mg/100g) and K (3713.59 mg/100g) content were found in JLG cultivar. As per this study, mulching significantly enhances cucumber yield and improves the levels of health-promoting nutritional compounds compared to non-mulched cultivation in the Ladakh region.
T. Seerangurayar1,2, V. Chelladurai1*, T. Senthilkumar2, G. Jeevarathinam3 and J. Deepa4
1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu-638401, India. 2Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada. 3 Department of Food Technology, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. 4Department of Food Technology, Nehru Institute of Technology, Kaliyapuram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail:vchella@gmail.com; chelladurai@bitsathy.ac.in
Abstract: Teasel gourd is one of the major crops in the bitter gourd family, and studying its drying characteristics might help develop equipment and processes for making value-added and pharmaceutical products. A study was conducted to determine the drying characteristics of teasel gourd and the physical characteristics of powder produced from teasel gourd. Sliced teasel gourd samples were placed in a tray dryer. A drying study was conducted at 40, 50, and 60 ºC, and drying kinetics were plotted. To describe the drying behaviour of teasel gourd, five thin-layer drying models were fitted to the experimental data. The findings illustrated that water activity and angle of repose decreased with increasing temperature, while drying rate, moisture diffusion, and moisture ratio increased. The results demonstrated that the powder produced at each drying temperature had good flowability and low cohesiveness. Among the most common drying models, the Logarithmic model effectively described the sliced teasel gourd drying process, with R2 values of 0.999, 0.997, and 0.995 at 40, 50, and 60 ºC, respectively. The powder’s strong flow qualities can be utilized to make capsules, while teasel gourd slices can be served as chips.
1Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. 2University School of Agriculture Sciences, Rayat Bahra University. Corresponding e-mail:shraddhapundeer@gmail.com
Abstract: The use of integrated nutrient management practices, incorporating fermented liquid organic manures, has proven effective in promoting environmental sustainability, biodiversity, and vegetable production. A field experiment conducted over two consecutive rabi seasons assessed the impact of Jeevamrut, a fermented liquid organic manure combined with inorganic nutrients, on cauliflower growth, rhizosphere microbial populations, soil nutrient status, and yield. Ten treatment combinations were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The pooled analysis revealed that applying 90% of the recommended dose of nutrients with 5 % Jeevamrut at 1.5 L/m2 produced optimal results for growth and yield parameters, including number of leaves per plant, plant height (cm), curd compactness (g/cm), gross curd weight (kg), marketable curd weight (g), marketable yield per plot (kg) and soil organic carbon, P, microbial activity and NPK uptake. The best economics were obtained in the treatment where 90% RDN + 5% Jeevamrut at 1.0 L/m2 was applied. Hence, it can be concluded that the application of Jeevamrut combined with RDN has the capability to improve cauliflower plant growth, yield, and yield-contributing traits on a sustainable basis.
Ayman E.A. Shaban, Mohammed I.M. El-Banna and Ahmed A. Rashedy*
Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail:ahmed.rasheedy@agr.cu.edu.eg
Abstract: Exogenous application of growth regulators often induces physiological changes by altering endogenous hormone levels, thereby affecting plant productivity. Consequently, this trial aimed to explore the impacts of anti-gibberellin (A-GA) agents, using both abscisic acid (ABA) and ethephon (ETH) at 50 ppm alongside a control, before the Off-year season (at flower bud induction period) twice during the last week of December and January on fruit yield, cumulative impacts on the following On-year and biennial bearing (BB) of Balady mandarin trees. Regarding the two Off-years, ETH effectively decreased endogenous GA content in March by 28.26% and 29.78%, while it increased the C/N ratio by 16.67% and 14.29%, the number of fruits by 55.18% and 50.26%, and fruit yield by 50% and 45.45%. Also, ABA decreased endogenous GA content in March by 8.46% and 16.10%, while it increased the number of fruits by 87.4% and 52.8% and increased fruit yield by 75% and 45.45%. ABA increased Off-year yield by 12.48% relative to ETH. Concerning the following two On-years, higher endogenous GA content was observed in the previous September (Off year) in A-GA treatments, resulting in a decrease in mandarin fruit yield. ETH decreased the number of fruits by 17.37% and 24.1%, resulting in increases of 3.8% and 16% in fruit weight. Also, ABA decreased the number of fruits by 22.94% and 6.97%, resulting in increases of 10.34% and 10.71% in fruit weight. Furthermore, ETH decreased BB by 39% and 60% and ABA decreased BB by 52.44% and 38.24%. Using A-GA agents prior to the off year during the flower bud induction period alleviates BB in Balady mandarin trees.
Raad A. Kaskoos1 and J. Ahamad2*
1Department of Pharmacy, Al-Manara University, Amarah, Iraq. 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq. Corresponding e-mail:jas.hamdard@gmail.com, javed.ahamad@tiu.edu.iq
Abstract: Given the growing interest in plant-derived bioactives for cancer therapy, this study evaluates the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The ethyl acetate fraction of Glycyrrhiza was chemically characterized by GC-MS, cell cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay, and apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. The GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction of G. glabra resulted in the identification of 53 chemical compounds and hexadecane (13.43%), cyclohexene oxide (7.82%), 3,7-dimethyldecane (7.69%), 1,2-hydroxyphenyl-ethanone (6.80%), and isospathulenol (3.96%) were found as major constituents. Glycyrrhiza ethyl acetate fraction produced a dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability with an IC50 value of 92.07 ?g/mL against MCF-7 cells of breast cancer. Glycyrrhiza ethyl acetate fraction also significantly induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. The current study explores the chemical composition of Glycyrrhiza ethyl acetate fraction and shows promising anticancer effects in breast cancer.
M.M. Merghany1, M.M. Shahin1, A.F. Radwan1, E.G. Sayed1 and A.M. Mahmoud2
1Department of Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt. 2Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology Division, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: amany.radwan@agr.cu.edu.eg
Abstract: Drought stress is a major constraint on potato production, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study evaluated the effects of mineral fertilizers (MF), nanofertilizer (NF), biofertilizers (BF), and their combinations on growth, physiology, yield, and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Spunta) under three irrigation levels: full irrigation 100% ETc (crop evapotranspiration) (IR100), moderate deficit 75% ETc (IR75), and severe deficit 50% ETc (IR50). Two field experiments were conducted using a split-plot design with three replicates. Results showed that reduced irrigation significantly decreased growth, photosynthesis, nutrient content, and yield. However, combined fertilization significantly reduced the effects of drought. The treatment ½MF + ½BF recorded the highest tuber yield at IR100 (29.3% above the control), without a significant difference from BF at IR75 (57.4%). At IR50, ½MF + ½NF also improved yield by 19.2% compared to control. Combined treatments also enhanced water-use efficiency, antioxidant enzyme activities, and hormonal balance while improving tuber starch and nutrient contents. These findings suggest that integrating mineral, nano-, and biofertilizers is an effective method for improving potato productivity and quality under limited water conditions.
Biology Department, Science and Mathematics Faculty, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH. Street, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java 50275, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail:luqmanhakim@live.undip.ac.id
Abstract: Soil contamination by microplastic particles has become a serious environmental problem and affects the growth of horticultural crops, such as cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). This study aims to examine the impact of microplastic exposure on the anatomical structure and morphometric parameters of M. esculenta. The research methods included sampling plants and soil from healthy (TSH) and microplastic-contaminated (TTC) fields, anatomical slides of root, leaf, stem, and tuber histological sections prepared using embedding and non-embedding techniques, microscopic analysis, and morphometric measurements. The parameters measured included the thickness of the epidermis and cortex in various organs, the number of leaves, plant height, stem and tuber diameter, the number and weight of tubers, and starch and reducing sugars content. The results showed thickening of the root epidermis in TTC as a protective response, a decrease in the thickness of the epidermis and cortex in leaves and tubers, which adversely affected photosynthetic efficiency and biomass storage capacity. TTC also experienced a decline in morphometric parameters, such as the number of leaves, plant height, and stem diameter. This study suggests that soils with detectable microplastic contamination are associated with reduced M. esculenta productivity and quality, although other co-varying soil factors may also contribute to these differences. Given the observational design, these associations should be interpreted cautiously until supported by controlled greenhouse or soil characterization studies.
1University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot- 587104, Karnataka, India. 2University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: pallavi.hm@uhsbagalkot.edu.in
Abstract: While single-node seedling technology significantly reduces seed costs in intensive ginger cultivation, the crop’s inherent 90-day postharvest dormancy often leads to poor germination and suboptimal plant stands when rhizomes are used prematurely.To achieve higher germination and a higher number of transplantable seedlings per unit area under the portray method, different-aged rhizomes and priming treatments were tested in this study. A trial was conducted at commercial scale at the College of Horticulture, Mysuru, during May 2023, following a factorial CRD design with three aged rhizome treatments and seven priming treatments to break dormancy. Results stated that the ageing process of rhizomes has overcome physiological dormancy in ginger. Seed rhizomes, 75 DAH (Days After Harvest) have ¸reduced dormancy naturally and resulted in quick and higher germination (79%) compared to 45 DAH (73%). Further, rhizomes primed with nitrate (85%) and bio-agents (81%) removed dormancy and achieved better germination and growth than the control (70%). Rightly aged rhizomes (75 DAH) primed with nitrates (KNO3) or with bio-agents showed positive response for germination and transplantable seedlings in ginger. For early planting, 45 DAH rhizomes primed with KNO3 reported higher germination (82 %) and transplantable seedlings (80.75 %).
N. Sai Kumar*, C.P. Viji, N. Emmanuel, M. Madhavi and K. Umakrishna
College of Horticulture, Dr Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Venkataramanna Gudem- 534101, Andhra Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: saikumar363539@gmail.com
Abstract: The present study documented the laboratory rearing and parasitoid associations of key insect pests in mango and citrus ecosystems. Eggs, nymphs and pupae of target pests were collected and reared under controlled conditions to assess parasitoid emergence and host-parasitoid relationships. A total of 23 parasitoid species, representing eight families, were recorded and their mean emergence per host stage was quantified. Parasitism varied across host stages and species, reflecting host specificity and differing success rates under laboratory conditions. These findings provide baseline information on the biology and rearing potential of parasitoids associated with mango and citrus pests, offering valuable insights for their application in integrated pest management programs.
Gerlie S. Jambaro, Marynor B. Pantinos, Daisybelle M. Galimbas, Harrah S. Patlunag, Yasser P. Bantuas, and Edgel O. Escomen*
Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture, Mindanao State University Main Campus, Marawi City, 9700 Lanao del Sur, Philippines. Corresponding e-mail: edgel.escomen@msumain.edu.ph
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i04.137
Key words: Artificial vernalization, chilling hours, fruit quality, strawberry plants (var. Sweet Honeoye), yield
Abstract: The controlled use of low temperatures, or artificial vernalization, is essential in inducing flowering and fruiting in strawberry plants, especially in areas with insufficient natural chilling hours. This research focused on the effect of artificial vernalization on strawberry plants (var. Sweet Honeoye) in Marawi City, 9700 Lanao del Sur, Philippines, where the temperature often exceeds the ideal strawberry flower bud differentiation conditions. The study utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), which included chilling treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 h at 3°C. Results showed a significant acceleration in harvest with 5 h of chilling, reducing the time from 69.75 days (non-chilled) to 50.25 days, representing a 28 % decrease in harvest time. Beyond 5 h, there was no further significant time reduction. The mean diameter of the fruit was not affected by the chilling period. Nonetheless, chilling did enhance the yield of small-sized fruits, with 10 h of chilling yielding 10.41 t ha-1 of small fruits compared to the non-chilled treatment of 2.31 t ha-1, or a 350.65 % increase, while medium-sized fruits were statistically not affected by the chilling period. Additionally, the total soluble solids (TSS) improved significantly with chilling, showing marked improvements from 10.79 to 11.45 °Brix for the chilling periods to 10.35 °Brix for the non-chilling period, or a 4.25 to 10.63 % increase. Overall, there was a marked increase in total yield with vernalization, from 17.49 to 18.85 t ha-1 compared to non-chilled plants, which only yielded 4.46 t ha, or a 292.15 to 322.65 % increase. The results demonstrate that artificial vernalization effectively satisfies the chilling requirement for strawberry plants (var. Sweet Honeoye), allowing for enhanced yield and improved fruit quality even in warm growing conditions.
I. Wayan Gede Sedana Yoga1*, I. Ketut Satriawan1, Dwi Putra Darmawan2 and I. Wayan Arnata1
1Agroindustrial Technology Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Badung (80361), Bali, Indonesia. 2Doctoral Study Program (S3) Agricultural Science, Faculty Of Agriculture, Udayana University, Badung (80361), Bali, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: sedanayoga@unud.ac.id
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i04.138
Key words: supply chain management, House of Risk, arabica coffee, environmental impact, carbon sequestration
Abstract: Coffee serves as a vital agro-industrial commodity integral to the regional economy. However, the extensive production process presents a range of risks and environmental impacts that require attention. This study analyzes risk events, sources, and mitigation strategies within the coffee supply chain while evaluating the environmental impact of processing Kintamani Arabica Coffee. The research involved several stages: determining samples (using stratified random sampling based on farm size and productivity criteria), identifying specific risks, analyzing those risks, evaluating, and prioritizing mitigation measures. The study employed Failure Mode and Effects Analysis for risk identification and the House of Risk method for risk mitigation (using a clearly justified correlation scale: 0, 1, 3, 9). An environmental impact analysis assessed greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4) from coffee processing based on the latest IPCC AR6 Global Warming Potential (GWP) values. The findings revealed 34 risk events linked to 66 distinct risk sources, leading to the prioritization of 45 risk sources for mitigation. The primary risk sources identified included unpredictable weather, climate, and inadequate maintenance practices. Proposed risk mitigation strategies include developing an early detection system for climate change, conducting demand forecasting, enhancing collaboration and partnerships, creating competitive advantages, and utilizing digital markets (explicitly addressing risks related to high market competition). The greenhouse gas emissions during coffee production and primary processing amount to 13.59 kg CO2-eq/kg (updated based on IPCC AR6 standards), with mitigation measures such as canopy tree planting (M13) potentially offsetting these emissions through carbon sequestration.
Emilio Hernández1, Marysol Aceituno-Medina2, Jorge Toledo3, Landy Fabiola Barrientos-Soto1, Juan Díaz-Velázquez1, Carlos Gumaro García-Castillo1, Salvador Flores4 and Pedro Rene Bodegas-Valera1
1Escuela de Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Blvd. Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez esq, Blvd. Akishino, Unidad Habitacional INFONAVIT Solidaridad 2000. CP 30798. Tapachula, Chiapas. 2Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED). Calle Bravo Murillo No. 38. Madrid, 28015, España. 3Departamento de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. Carret. Antiguo Aeropuerto km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700 México. 4Programa Nacional de Moscas de la Fruta SADER-SENASICA, Metapa de Domínguez, Chiapas. Corresponding e-mail: emilio.hernandez@unach.mx
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i03.62
Key words: Mexican fruit fly, phytosanitary treatment, hot water immersion.
Abstract: Hydrocooling (HYC) after hot-water treatment (HWT) eliminates fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and reduces the negative impact of HWT on mangoes. For HWT to be effective, the mangoes must be hydrocooled within 30 minutes after completing the HWT. If HYC is applied immediately after the HWT, an additional 10 minutes must be added to the hot water immersion to ensure larvae mortality. This experiment tested the effect of the HYC time (0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes) and HYC temperature (15.5, 21.1, 26.6, and 32.2 °C) on the survival of third-instar Anastrepha ludens and the quality of the mangoes. The mango varieties studied were cv. ´Ataulfo´ (weight < 425 g) and ´Tommy Atkins´ (weight < 500 g). The heating curves showed that the pulp reached 45°C by the end of the HWT in all cases. Treatments at temperatures between 46.4°C and 47.0°C, along with treatments at 15.5 to 21.1 °C, were effective for both mango varieties, with no survivors of third-instar A. ludens. We also noticed that the HWT produce a uniform colour in mature fruits.
C.B. Siddu*, Channabasava, P. Ganesh, B. Susmitha, M.P. Kalpana, A. Mohan Rao and S. Ramesh
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru - 560065, Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: siddubc16@gmail.com
Abstract: As is true in other crops, selection for quantitative traits such as fruit yield is less effective in chilli, as it is a quantitatively inherited trait controlled by a large number of genes with a large genotype-by-environment interaction. Furthermore, assessing fruit yield is a laborious and time-consuming process based on destructive sampling. The identification of non-destructive, field-assayable proxy or surrogate traits is most likely to enhance the effectiveness of selection for fruit yield. The proxy traits should not only be highly correlated with fruit yield but also be highly heritable. Under these premises, the present study aimed to identify field-assayable, highly heritable traits with a significant correlation with green fruit yield. Ten eight parents’ derived multi-parent (MP) populations were developed from 16 diverse chilli genotypes. These populations were evaluated in experimental plots at the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Bangalore. The data were recorded on six quantitative traits, namely plant height, fruit length, fruit width, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, and green fruit yield per plant. The correlation coefficients of the five traits with green fruit yield per plant were estimated. Results showed considerable genetic variability in all the populations for fruits plant-1, average fruit weight, and green fruit yield plant-1. These traits were also highly heritable with high expected genetic advance. However, two of these traits, namely plant height and fruit yield, were significantly correlated with a high magnitude. These two traits, being easily assayed in the field without destructive sampling, could be reliably used as proxies for fruit yield per plant in chilli.
1ICAR-National Research Centre for Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim, India. 2Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, Sikkim, India. 3ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research, Regional Station, Vemagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India. 4Department of Horticulture, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India. 5ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim Centre, Tadong. Corresponding e-mail: lsharma@cus.ac.in, siddssac20475@gmail.com
Abstract: Diplomeris hirsuta, a medicinally important yet threatened terrestrial orchid species, is vulnerable to extinction as per the IUCN Red List. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different pollination methods on D. hirsuta seed viability, seed germination in tissue culture media and their subsequent plant growth. A field experiment (on pollination systems) conducted in North Sikkim, Phamtam, revealed significant positive effects of different pollination treatments on capsule formation, with induced xenogamy demonstrating superior results. Cross-pollination techniques, particularly induced xenogamy, increased the percentage of capsule formation by 190% and enhanced capsule dimensions compared to natural pollination methods. Induced xenogamy resulted in seeds with higher viability (85.7% higher) and germination rates (737% higher), contributing to the better vigour and growth of D. hirsuta offspring compared to the control treatment, with the most promising results in BM-1 terrestrial media. Tissue culture experiments with BM-1 terrestrial media demonstrated the most successful seed germination and subsequent seedling growth. Thus, induced xenogamy treatment can be recommended for improving capsule formation, seed viability, and seed germination of D. hirsuta orchids. Additionally, BM-1 terrestrial media can be used for the successful mass multiplication of these orchids.
Ranjini Tantry Nagesh1*, Niral Vittal, B.A. Jerard 1, Samsudeen Kukkamgai1 and Gayatri, U. Karkera1
ICAR- Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod- 671124, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: ranjini.tantry@icar. gov.in; ranjini.tantry@gmail.com
Abstract: A comparative analysis was conducted to characterize the pink-husked type in the San Ramon Tall (SNRT) coconut population. In terms of floral traits, the pink-husked palms produced two types of male flowers, distinguished by their dark pink and yellow anther filaments, while no differences were observed in the size of male flowers compared to the non-pink-husked SNRT palms. Additionally, no significant differences were found in the quantitative and qualitative traits of tender nuts and their water between the pink-husked and non-pink-husked SNRT palms. Biochemical analysis of the leaf and husk tissues revealed that pink-husked palms contained notably higher levels of phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins compared to the non-pink-husked palms. Phenol content was measured at 9.24 mg GAE/g in leaves and 22.22 mg GAE/g in the mesocarp of 7-month-old fruits for pink-husked palms, compared to 7.85 mg GAE/g in leaves and 19.56 mg GAE/g in the mesocarp of non-pink-husked palms. Similarly, flavonoid levels in pink-husked palms were 19.69 mg QE/g in leaves and 37.20 mg QE/g in mesocarp tissues, compared to 18.11 mg QE/g in leaves and 34.51 mg QE/g in husk tissues of non-pink types. Anthocyanin content was also higher in pink-husked palms, measuring 8.50 mg/100g in leaves and 13.89 mg/100g in mesocarp of 7-month-old fruits, while non-pink types recorded only 6.69 mg/100g in leaves and 2.74 mg/100g in mesocarp. Notably, in 4-month-old pink-husked fruits, phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin levels were 26.64 mg GAE/g, 38.79 mg QE/g, and 17.59 mg/100g, respectively, which were higher than the levels recorded in 7-month-old pink-husked fruits. This study suggests that pink-husked coconuts are a valuable source of phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, contributing to human health. These findings underscore their potential in breeding programs, providing a distinctive marker for creating new, visually appealing coconut varieties with higher bioactive compounds.
S. Saranya1 and M. Rafeekher2
1Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. 2Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani
Abstract: Two field experiments were conducted at the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, to investigate the impact of various weed control treatments on weed growth and okra production. Weed management is a significant challenge in organic okra farming, often relying on labour-intensive and environmentally harmful mechanical methods. This study explored the herbicidal properties of organic products, including coconut vinegar made from coconut water, Cashew nut shell Liquid and clove leaf oil. These products were evaluated in conjunction with other organic weed management strategies, including the stale seedbed technique, mango leaf mulching, and hand-weeding. The results showed that coconut vinegar herbicide (CVH) with 12.5% acetic acid was the most effective concentration for weed management. Its herbicidal properties were further enhanced when mixed with 4% clove leaf oil (Clove leaf oil herbicide - CLOH). In organic okra cultivation, CLOH with 4% clove leaf oil showed better growth and yield characteristics than those achieved through hand-weeding. The most cost-effective option among the treatments was single-spray CLOH, which achieved the highest benefit-cost (B:C) ratio of 1.54, providing a financially viable alternative to labour-intensive hand-weeding.
P. Amrutha1*, E.T. Jojy1, J.M. Johnson1, A. Paul3, S. Sarada 4, A. Sajeena5, N.V. Radhakrishnan1 and S. Alex6
1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani (Kerala Agricultural University) 695522, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. 2Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641114, Tamil Nadu. 3AINP on Pesticide Residue, College of Agriculture (Kerala Agricultural University) 695522, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. 4Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 695522, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. 5Integrated Farming System Research Station, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695002. 6Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 695522, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Corresponding e-mail: amruthapvijayan8@gmail.com, amrutha@karunya.edu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i03.67
Key words: P. indica, vegetable cowpea, fungicide residue, dissipation, half-life
Abstract: Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a major fungal disease of vegetable cowpea that affects the leaves, stems, petioles, flowers, and pods, leading to considerable yield loss. Modern fungicides, including strobilurins and triazoles, are frequently used to control this disease. Additionally, Piriformospora indica, a beneficial root endophytic fungus, is commonly utilized in plants of varied genera for its disease-suppressing effects and its capacity to enhance plant growth. The present study investigated the application of P. indica-compatible fungicides (trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole and carbendazim) on colonized plants to assess their combined effect on anthracnose management under pot culture conditions. Additionally, fungicide residue on the leaves was analyzed using the QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method, and degradation percentages were calculated to determine whether P. indica contributes to the reduction of residue buildup. P. indica-colonization, along with spraying of trifloxystrobin 25 % + tebuconazole 18.3 % SC and carbendazim 50 % WP brought down the anthracnose infection by 86.67 and 84.56 per cent in vegetable cowpea seedlings. Residue analysis in P. indica colonised plants showed a higher degradation of 84.83%, 88.25%, and 89.32% with respect to tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin, and carbendazim, and 68.35%, 75.14%, and 76.64% in controls, respectively. The initial deposition of fungicides was lesser in colonized plants. P. indica colonisation also reduced the half-life to 7.57, 7.12, and 7.19 days in response to 12.35, 10.05, and 9.63 days in control plants. Therefore, it was inferred that P. indica reduces the residue build-up in vegetable cowpea by enhancing the degradation percentage.
Saikat Biswas1*, Pritam Mondal1, Rupa Das2, Soumik Dey1, Siddhartha Mukherjee1 and Soumyajit Mondal1
1Division of Agriculture, Faculty Centre of Agriculture, Rural and Tribal Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ranchi-834008, India. 2Faculty of Agriculture, Usha Martin University, Angara, Ranchi, Jharkhand-835103, India. Corresponding e-mail: Sbsaikatbiswas27@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i03.68
Key words: Baby corn and garden pea, economics and yield, intercropping, Kunapajala, liquid manure
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ranchi, during the winters of 2022-23 and 2023-24 to study the influence of liquid manures on crops under sole and intercropping systems of baby corn and garden peas. The experiment was placed in split plot design using 4 cropping systems in main plot (CS1: sole baby corn, CS2: sole garden pea, CS3: intercropping of baby corn and garden pea (1:1), CS4: intercropping of baby corn and garden pea (2:1)) and 4 liquid manure options in subplot (M1: control or no liquid manure, M2: Jiwamrit @ 10 %, M3: Kunapajala @ 10 %, M4: Panchagavya @ 10 %), replicated thrice. Pooled results indicated that the intercropping system of baby corn and garden pea, especially at a 1:1 ratio, grown using Kunapajala at 10% ensured the highest growth, yield attributes, and cob yield (2.09 t/ha) of baby corn over sole cropping. However, sole cropping grown using Kunapajala at 10% was found to be the best in realising the highest growth, yield attributes, seed yield (80.0 q/ha), and pod yield (145.5 q/ha) of garden peas over intercropping systems. Among the intercropping systems, 1:1 intercropping system of baby corn and garden pea performed better than 2:1 intercropping system. Further, among different intercropping systems, spraying of Kunapajala @ 10 % at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing in 1:1 intercropping system of baby corn and garden pea ensured best system cob equivalent yield (4.17 t/ha), 60% yield advantage and high economic profitability (B:C of 6.06) and therefore, farmers of eastern plateau and hill zone of India can be benefitted by growing this intercropping system with the use of Kunapajala @ 10 %.
Susan Subba1*, Aditi Chakraborty1, Binayak Chakraborty1, Sarad Gurung1, Moumita Chakraborty2 and Somnath Mandal3
1Department of Pomology and Post-Harvest Technology, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar, West Bengal – 736165, India. 2Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar, West Bengal – 736165, India. 3Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar, West Bengal–736165, India. Corresponding author Corresponding e-mail: susanhorti19@gmail.com
Abstract: An experiment was conducted from 2021 to 2023 at the tissue culture laboratory, micro-propagation unit, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, West Bengal, to observe the seed germination behaviour and standardise the seedling rootstock for in vitro shoot-tip grafting. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design with three replications, comprising eight different citrus rootstocks (viz., NRCC 1, 2, 3, 4, Rough lemon, Rangpur lime, Pummelo, and Mandarin) as a control treatment, which were cultured in Murashige and Skoog basal media. Seeds were treated with Tween 80 for 15 minutes, followed by bavistin 500 mg for 1 hour, plantomycin 50 mg for 10 minutes, and mercuric chloride 100 mg for 2 minutes before inoculation to remove toxic residues from the seeds and also to prevent fungal and bacterial contamination. Seeds were thoroughly washed with double-distilled water three times after each treatment. In each treatment, 100 seeds were inoculated, with five seeds per jam bottle. The results showed that Rough lemon had the highest seed germination rate (81.84%), followed by NRCC 4 (81.41%). The first sprouting of seed was observed in pummelo (5.49 days) followed by rangpur lime (5.59 days). The minimum days required for 50% seed sprouting were observed in NRCC 4 (7.47 days) and Mandarin (7.93 days). The minimum average number of days required for seed germination was observed in NRCC 3 (13.13), followed by NRCC 2. The germination index was found to be highest in NRCC 4 (59.00%), followed by NRCC 2 (44.16%). The polyembryony rate was observed to be highest in Mandarin (24.19%) and Rangpur lime (16.29%). The highest number of leaves was observed in rough lemon, pummelo and NRCC 4 (2.67). Rootstocks such as rough lemon, NRCC 4, pummelo, and rangpur lime have shown potential for in vitro shoot-tip grafting.
B.V. Sinchana1, S. Ramesh1*, D. Sindhu2, G. Basanagouda4, C.B. Siddu3, M.P. Kalpana1, T. Lakshmi Pathy1 and V Prashantha1.
1University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. 2Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. 3ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. 4Central Silk Board (CSB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: ramesh_uasb@rediffmail.com
Abstract: In hybrid crop breeding programmes, the choice of tester is vital for efficient selection of experimental inbred lines for their potential in hybrid combinations. To identify such testers, 10 bitter gourd advanced breeding lines (ABLs) were crossed to five candidate testers. The resulting test cross (TC) hybrids were field-evaluated for fruit yield, fruit diameter, and fruit length in a two-replicated alpha-lattice design. Four criteria, namely (i) accuracy of ranking the ABLs, (ii) discrimination of the ABLs, (iii) high trait mean of TC hybrids and (iv) the high magnitude of gca effects, individually and in combination, were used to identify most suitable tester(s). The estimates of the correlation between ranks assigned to TC hybrids derived from each tester and those assigned to the TC hybrid mean of all five testers were used as statistics to quantify the accuracy of ranking ABLs by testers. The variance of TC hybrids derived from each tester was used as a statistic to quantify the ability of testers to discriminate the ABLs. The most suitable tester varied according to the criteria as well as the trait. Based on all four criteria, 83-031, 83-028 and 83-016 were identified as the most suitable testers for fruit yield, fruit diameter and fruit length. These testers are suggested for evaluating the performance of new experimental inbred lines developed from F2/backcross breeding populations derived from parents belonging to the same heterotic group and/or from any genetically variable source populations.
Abiyu E. Molla1, Tigist D. Asnake1, Zelalem G. Tarekegn1 and Animut M. Andualem2
1Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia. 2Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Corresponding e-mail: animutmekuriaw39@gmail.com
Abstract: Potato is the most important tuber crop in Ethiopia. However, its productivity is restricted by inapt intra- and inter-row spacing. This study aimed to assess the effects of intra- and inter-row spacing on potato growth and yield. The experiment utilized three intra-row spacings (20, 30, and 40 cm) and three inter-row spacings (60, 70, and 80 cm) within a completely randomized block design. Irrigation was applied throughout the entire experiment. Data were analyzed using R software version 1.2. The result revealed that intra- and inter-row spacing significantly impacted different features of the crop. A bigger inter-row spacing (80 cm) was comparatively better for growth parameters, but a closer intra-row spacing (20 cm) was better for yield components. A higher total yield (34 t ha-1 ) was obtained with 20 cm × 80 cm spacing. Overall, potato cultivators are advised to employ a 20 cm × 80 cm spacing under irrigation, and further research should be conducted on the effects of spacing.
Tanya Thakur and Arushi Garg*
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Pin code- 141004 India. Corresponding e-mail: Azflori29@gmail.com
Abstract: Snapdragon, belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae, is a hardy plant, but the unfavourable seed storage conditions can fluctuate the timing of flowering, which is a key factor in floriculture. Seed physiology, morphology and environmental conditions significantly influence the germination of ornamental plants, while improper handling and processing reduce seed emergence. This study investigates the effects of different seed storage temperatures (0, 4, 6, and 8 °C) and durations (30, 45, and 60 days) on seed germination, seedling traits, and flowering time of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus). The results concluded that seeds stored at 4°C for 60 days showed early seed germination (2.67 days) and maximum seed germination percentage (93.33 %). The treatment also led to early flowering, 30 days earlier than the control. Therefore, storing antirrhinum seeds at 4°C for 60 days enhances seed germination, resulting in improved seedling traits and early flowering, and provides valuable insights for optimising cultivation practices in floriculture.
Kanimozhi Chakrapani1* and B. Kalpana2
1Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu District- 603 201, Tamil Nadu, India. 2School of Public Health, SRM Medicine and Health Science, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District- 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India Corresponding e-mail: kanimozc@srmist.edu.in, kalpanab@srmist.edu.in
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of horticultural crops as natural stimulants in overcoming sleep deprivation issues among healthcare professionals. The research approach used for the study is a static group pre-test and post-test design, with 60 nursing professionals grouped into an HT (n=30) and a control group (n=30). The experimental group was exposed to natural stimulants in the form of indoor plants as a visual stimulant, lavender as a smell stimulant, and chamomile as a taste stimulant, and achieved better results in physiological measures (Blood pressure and heart rate) and the sleep quality index. The pre-test value for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index indicated a sleep deprivation score of 10.72±1.53 during the pre-test, and it improved the sleep level with a post-test value of 6.66±0.95. The drop in blood pressure, as measured by systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, has been a positive sign of the effectiveness of horticultural therapeutic approaches, with a P-value of 0.01, indicating significance at the 1% level. The subjective feedback indicates that the combination effect of all three stimulants, followed by the lavender plant as a smell stimulant, has achieved a more satisfactory level. As the results signify the healing effect of the plants on healthcare professionals' sleep issues, it paves the way for exploring more horticultural crops as sensory stimulants in terms of their influencing aromatic properties, texture, fragrance, and appeal. The first-line sleep issues can be addressed sustainably by utilizing horticulture plants as stimulants, which are safer, more accessible, and cost-effective.
Hassan A.A. Mohamed*, Ahmed M.A. Mahmoud, Khaled E.A. Abdel-Ati and Ahmed A. Hassan
Department of Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12613, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: hassan.a.mohamed@agr.cu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i03.74
Key words: Begomovirus, yield components, fruit quality, Solanum lycopersicum.
Abstract: Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD), caused by the Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV), poses a significant threat to global tomato production, making resistance breeding a crucial endeavour. This study evaluated 17 tomato lines (TLs; F6 and F7) derived from F1 hybrids ‘65010’, ‘Nairouz’,‘Tyrmes’ and ‘SVTD8320’ for 14 traits related to TYLCD resistance, yield, and fruit quality under natural whitefly-mediated inoculation during the 2022 and 2023 fall seasons. TLs demonstrated high TYLCD tolerance, characterised by low symptom severity and viral replication, and successfully detected symptomless plants using TEM scanning. TLs demonstrated high TYLCD tolerance, accompanied by low symptom severity. TL1, TL5, TL6, and TL7 showed the lowest TYLCV-mean scores, ranging from 1.00 to 1.66 at 45 and 90 DAT. In contrast, susceptible ‘Castlerock’ had significantly higher TYLCD-mean scores (3.00 to 4.60). The highest total yield (g/plant) was for TL6 followed by TL5, TL1, TL7, and TL8, ranging from 3698.33 to 4413.33, while ‘Castlerock’ recorded the lowest value for yield ranging from 146.33 to 370.00. Climatic conditions may play a role in the differences in fruit quality traits of TLs, particularly the number of fruit locules, flesh thickness, and contents of vitamin C and lycopene, which varied between seasons, with higher temperatures and lower precipitation in the second season compared to the first.
V. Thakur1, D. Mal1*, S.K. Gharde2, K. Soga1 and V. Dhaliwal1
1Department of Vegetable Science, Lovely Professional University, School of Agriculture, Punjab- 144411, India. 2Department of Entomology, Lovely Professional University, School of Agriculture, Punjab- 144411, India. Corresponding e-mail: tvishal736@gmail.com
Abstract: An experiment was conducted at the main Agricultural Research Field of Lovely Professional University in Phagwara, Punjab, from July 2023 to 2024 to analyze the residues of synthetic insecticides in soil samples from a brinjal field using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The treatment consists of synthetic pesticides applied at recommended dosages: T0: Control (water-spray), T1: Cartap-hydrochloride (50% SP) at 500 g a.i. ha-1, T2: Chlorpyrifos (20% EC) at 200 g a.i. ha-1, T3: Deltamethrin (2.8% EC) at 15 g a.i. ha-1. The results were compared to the FAO and EU maximum residue limits (MRL). The findings indicated that T1 showed the highest initial deposit (1.15 mg/kg), followed by T2 (0.62 mg/kg). The percent dissipation rates were 91.08%, 79.60%, and 76.46% on the seventh, fifth, and third days after applying T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The degradation of different insecticidal treatment residues was observed between three to seven days after application. The results concluded that the residues of these synthetic insecticides dissipated quickly, leaving no detectable traces in soil.
Sunil Kumar Gochhi1 and Surjendu Kumar Dey1,2*
1Department of Environmental Science, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore- 756089, Odisha, India. 2Centre of Excellence for Bio-resource Management and Energy Conservation Material Development, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore-756089, Odisha, India. Corresponding e-mail: skd2k9@gmail.com
Abstract: This study focuses on the extraction of essential oils from healthy and diseased betel leaves (Piper betle L.), revealing novel insights into the potential value of diseased leaves, which are often discarded. The findings demonstrate that diseased betel leaves retain a substantial amount of essential oil content, challenging the conventional practice of disregarding them in favour of healthy leaves. Using hydrodistillation, the oil yield from healthy leaves was 1.52%, whereas the yield from diseased leaves was 1.23%. Despite this reduced yield, the chemical composition of the oils revealed unique stress responses in diseased leaves. GC-MS analysis revealed that healthy Betel Leaf Essential Oil (BLEO) contained higher concentrations of key compounds, including copaene (40.91%) and chavibetol (31.85%). At the same time, diseased BLEO contained elevated levels of stress-related compounds such as gamma-muurolene and eucalyptol. This increase in gamma-muurolene and eucalyptol suggests that the diseased leaves undergo biochemical changes in response to stress, adding significant value to their oil content. FTIR analysis confirmed these compositional differences, with diseased BLEO showing reduced peak intensities for critical aromatic and phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity assays (DPPH and ABTS) indicated that while healthy BLEO exhibited slightly better antioxidant properties (IC50 values: 4.04 µL/mL and 3.41 µL/mL), diseased BLEO retained considerable antioxidant potential (IC50 values: 4.79 µL/mL and 3.73 µL/mL). This research highlights the importance of reconsidering diseased betel leaves as a valuable source of essential oil, offering opportunities for sustainable resource utilization and increased economic benefits by utilizing generally discarded leaves.
1Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 2Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 3Research Institute for Northern Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia. 4Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Corresponding e-mail: mofizur.rahman@sau.edu.bd. aboth authors have the same contributions
Abstract: Plantlet type and mulching materials considerably influence the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of strawberries, but their combined effect remains underexplored in Bangladesh, particularly with the cultivar Festival. An experiment was designed to study the impacts of plantlet type (tissue culture and runner) and mulching materials (no mulch, rice straw, sawdust, black polythene, and red polythene) on strawberry cv’s production and quality traits. Festival using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental findings revealed that tissue culture plantlets combined with black polythene mulch produced the highest plant height at the fruiting stage, surpassing the lowest recorded height under runner plantlets without mulch by 80.6%. Similarly, the number of fruits plant-1 increased by 50.4%, single fruit weight by 41.9%, fruit length by 39.3%, and yield plant-1 by 110.7% compared to the least effective combination. For quality traits, this interaction also exhibited the maximum TSS, vitamin C, total phenolic content, and reducing sugars, exceeding the lowest values by 85.1%, 51.5%, 83.8%, and 88.2%, respectively. Results indicated that tissue culture plantlets with black polythene mulch are the most effective approach for strawberry cultivation in Bangladesh and similar agro-climatic regions.
Magdy A. Barsoom, Taghreed E. Eissa*, Basem A. Allam and Fatma El-Zahra H. El-Tony
Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: dr.taghreed.eissa.2019@gmail.com
Abstract: This investigation was conducted at the Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt, during the 2022 and 2023 seasons to study the influences of gibberellic acid (GA3) and storage periods on vegetative growth, flowering, bulbs productivity, and chemical constituents of Hymenocallis speciosa (spider lily) plants. A factorial experiment employing a randomised complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates was conducted over two seasons. The experiment incorporated two primary factors: duration of storage (0, 25, 35, and 45 days) and concentrations of gibberellic acid (0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm). The use of GA3 at a concentration of 150 ppm and a storage period of 35 days had a positive impact on the growth, flowering, and bulb yield of Hymenocallis plants. These results provide significant knowledge for horticulturists and researchers seeking to optimise cultivation methodologies for this particular species, indicating that GA3 may serve as an efficacious tool for enhancing plant performance under defined storage conditions. Subsequent investigations could examine the prolonged effects of gibberellic acid and its potential applications across diverse environmental contexts.
K.B.M. Singh1, J. Madhavan2* and P.K. Mandal1
1National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India. 2Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India.Corresponding e-mail: jayman21@gmail.com
Abstract: Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) poses a considerable threat to tuberose cultivation. Biological compounds, such as salicylic acid (SA), act as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) elicitors and may contribute to the resistance of host plants against nematodes. The study investigated the effects of SA at varying concentrations on inducing resistance in tuberose against M. incognita via tuber soaking, foliar spray, or a combined method. Plant growth parameters indicated that pretreatment of the SA exhibited no significant negative effect on the shoot length, shoot weight, number of leaves, tuber weight and root weight. The root image analysis revealed a positive effect of 10 mM SA on root length, number of root tips, forks, and crossings compared to the inoculated control plants. Leaf spray with SA is the most effective treatment, as it markedly reduces both root galling (54.8-71.6%) and infestation (66.8–72.6%). Using the simple, quick, and cost-effective SA spray approach, a 64 to 76% reduction in the multiplication factor (MF) of nematode infestation was observed. This is the first evidence of the use of SA in tuberose to induce resistance against M. incognita.
Ni Luh Yulianti1*, Bambang Admadi Harsojuwono2, Ida Bagus Putu Gunadnya1, Gede Arda1, I. Wayan Arnata2 and Yohanes Setiyo1
1Agricultural Engineering and Biosystems Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Badung (80361), Bali, Indonesia. 2Agroindustrial Technology Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Badung (80361), Bali, Indonesia Corresponding e-mail: yulianti@unud.ac.id
Abstract: Damage to mangosteen primarily results from compressive forces during distribution and uneven temperature distribution. Therefore, an optimized packaging design that mitigates these factors is essential. This study aimed to (1) determine the most suitable packaging dimensions for the distribution of climacteric fruits, such as mangosteen, and (2) evaluate ventilation (dimensions and types) and types of flutes that can minimise damage due to shocks during transportation and temperature fluctuations during storage. This study was conducted in two stages. Stage I involved designing and determining the packaging dimensions using a 5 kg full-flap BC flute packaging. Stage II focused on determining the ventilation dimensions, types of ventilation, and flute types. The designed packaging was tested under different transportation conditions, including rough asphalt, intercity, and urban roads. The Stage II research employed a completely randomized factorial design with three treatment factors: (I) Ventilation type (round and oval); (II) Flute type (single and double); and (III) Ventilation dimension (1.2%, 2.4%, and 3.6% of the total packaging area). All treatments were conducted in duplicate. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, followed by DMRT. The results showed that the optimal packaging was a 27.5 cm × 22.5 cm × 22.5 cm full-flap packaging, achieving a packaging density of 58.20%. Additionally, the interaction among ventilation type, flute type, and ventilation dimensions significantly affected fruit quality after transportation and storage. The best packaging configuration for preserving mangosteen quality was a 27.5 cm × 22.5 cm × 22.5 cm full-flap packaging with oval ventilation (3.6%) and a double flute type.
A.M. Nimisha1, Haseena Bhaskar1*, A. Rameshkumar 2 and R. Sundararaj3
1Department of Agriculture Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara. Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India. 2Zoological Survey of India, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India. 3ICFRE-Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Malleswaram Bengaluru-560024, Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: haseena.bhaskar@kau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i03.81
Key words: Woolly whitefly, Encarsia cubensis, parasitism, biological control, India.
Abstract: This study documents the first occurrence of Encarsia cubensis Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) as a parasitoid of the woolly whitefly, Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), in India, with a special emphasis on horticultural crops, particularly guava. Species identification was made using morphological characterization and analysis of the mitochondrial COI gene. Surveys conducted in the field revealed that the parasitism level exceeded 70 per cent; therefore, E. cubensis could be utilised as a biological control agent for the woolly whitefly. This discovery is crucial for the integrated pest management of guava and other horticultural crops, promoting sustainable production.
K.P. Subila*, R. Suseela Bhai and C.N. Biju
ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode 673 012, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: subi.kps@gmail.com
Abstract: Post-monsoon yellowing, incited by Pythium deliense, has recently emerged as a major threat to black pepper cultivation tracts in Kerala and Karnataka. To manage the disease, a field trial based on an integrated management approach was conducted from 2018 to 2020. Initial in vitro and greenhouse evaluation studies revealed that fenamidone-mancozeb inhibited the pathogen and was compatible with the bioagents viz., Trichoderma asperellum and Streptomyces albulus. Combined application of T. asperellum as soil drench and fenamidone-mancozeb as foliar spray (1500 ppm) reduced the severity of yellowing from 78.8% to 21.67%, with a reduction of 72.33% and reduced the pathogen load in the soil from 32 to 2 disease potential index (DPI). The present study reports the efficacy of the combined application of T. asperellum and fenamidone-mancozeb as an integrated management strategy against post-monsoon yellowing incited by P. deliense in black pepper.
Gazel M. Gaddafi1, Anu G. Krishnan2*, Bini. K, S. Simi1, K.B. Soni1 and M. Rafeekhar1
1College of Agriculture Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. 2Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kumarakom, Kottayam, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: anu.gk@kau.in
Abstract: Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) cultivation shows promising potential in Kerala, a tropical region in India known for its diverse agricultural practices; however, despite existing morphological characterization and diversity studies of local collections, comprehensive genetic diversity analysis using molecular markers remains lacking in the country. This research, conducted between 2021 and 2023, aimed to fill this gap by assessing the genetic diversity of twenty rambutan collections from the major rambutan growing regions in Kerala using SSR molecular markers. DNA isolation was performed using CTAB with minor modifications to obtain high-quality DNA samples. A sorbitol buffer pre-wash was done to improve the DNA quality. From 16 SSR primers screened, five were selected based on reproducibility and distinct banding patterns. These primers exhibited 100 % polymorphism, with polymorphic information content values ranging from 0.60 to 0.72, indicating their informativeness. The marker index, which measures primer utility, ranged from 1.80 to 2.88. Cluster analysis revealed two major clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.70, with Cluster I comprising eight accessions and Cluster II comprising 12 genotypes. Principal coordinate analysis confirmed this clustering pattern. Genetic diversity ranged from 61 % to 70 % among the studied accessions, with collections from the same area exhibiting closer genetic distances, indicating possible dispersal from related parents. This study provides valuable foundational information for future crop improvement programs and marker-assisted breeding initiatives for rambutan in Kerala.
Junwei Chen, Kate?ina Patloková* and Robert Pokluda
Department of Vegetable Sciences and Floriculture, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, 69144 Lednice, Czech Republic. Corresponding e-mail: xpatlok2@mendelu.cz
Abstract: This study examined the growth characteristics of the common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) under controlled conditions, focusing on parameters such as plant height, diameter, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Quantum Yield (QY) over a 28-day period. Plants were cultivated under four LED light treatments (LT1-4) using red, blue, and green light spectra at a constant intensity of 180 ± 4 µmol.m-2.s-1. By the 12th day after sowing (DAS), 97.2 % of seeds had germinated, and side shoots began sprouting by the 63rd DAS. Plant diameter increased by 113.2–132.9% across the treatments until offshoot formation, after which growth slowed to 7.6–10.5% of the initial increase. Vertical growth was not significant beyond 5 cm, as the plants grew laterally. The LT4 treatment led to an earlier senescent phase, suggesting that harvesting should occur before 73 DAS. Repeated harvesting is recommended due to the plant’s extensive tillering, with LT3 (red and blue light) being the most suitable for extended harvesting. Despite the LT4 treatment yielding the highest biomass (68.0 ± 5.9 g) after 78 DAS, LT3 is recommended for cultivation, achieving the second-highest yield (57.2 ± 6.7 g) while supporting a more extended harvest period.
M. Vasanthi1, C. Sreelakshmi1, S. Kiruthika2 and R. Jeyalakshmi1*
1Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: jeyalakr@srmist.edu.in
Abstract: The use of P fertiliser from secondary P mineral, struvite recovered from waste streams, is often not well understood and can be as effective as commercial P fertilisers with the addition of plant-associated microorganisms. This study examines the synergistic effect of struvite (MgNH4PO4•6H2O), a slow-release phosphorus fertiliser, and mycorrhizae, a biostimulant, on the growth and nutrient uptake in Solanum melongena L. across various growing media. The study comprised twelve distinct treatments, which included various combinations of soil and coco peat, with and without the incorporation of struvite and mycorrhizae. Plant growth parameters, encompassing height, leaf and flower count, stem girth, and yield, were systematically monitored from 30 to 120 days and subsequently analysed using ANOVA (p < 0.05) followed by DMRT at a 5% level. Although mycorrhizae implementation improved productivity in cocopeat from 9% to 27%, nearly 130%, the lowest P residual was found in T8, which produced a yield of S. melongena that was better by 88%. Our study suggests that the synergistic action between struvite and AMF contributed to improved fertiliser management.
M. Madhusudhan1, Neena Lenin1*, Haseena Bhaskar2, O.P. Reji Rani1 and S. Simi3
1Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Agricultural University, 2Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 3Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Agricultural University. Corresponding e-mail: neena.lenin@kau.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i03.86
Key words: Spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus, Oligonychus, abundance, fruit crops
Abstract: The study was undertaken at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Department of Entomology, investigates the faunal diversity of spider mites in Kerala’s fruit crop ecosystem. In this study, collection and identification of spider mites that affect fruit crops was done through field surveys at different locations throughout Kerala. A total of 15 tetranychid species from five genera were collected from 12 different fruit crops, with the genus Tetranychus Dufour being the most abundant and the host plant banana recording the highest number of spider mites. Significant findings include the identification of new host plants for certain mite species, such as Tetranychus fijiensis Hirst, Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard and Eutetranychus orientalis Klein on jackfruit, Tetranychus truncatus Eharaon passion fruit, Tetranychus udaipurensis Gupta and Gupta on banana and papaya. A taxonomic key to spider mite species identified during the study has been given in the work adding insights into host specificity, contributing valuable information on spider mite infestation in Kerala’s fruit science sector.
1Doctoral Program in Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. 2Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80361), Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: bambang.admadi@unud.ac.id
Abstract: Agricultural waste, particularly mango seed kernels, is frequently thrown away without being exploited despite its promise as an alternative food source. This study investigates the properties and possibilities of Arumanis mango seed kernel flour as an alternative food product ingredient. The methods included collecting Arumanis mango seed samples, drying, milling into flour, and analyzing its physicochemical characteristics and functional properties. The results showed that Arumanis mango seed kernel flour has a moisture content of 7.45%, ash content of 1.40%, protein content of 7.38%, fat content 9, 67%, carbohydrate content of 74.15%, starch content of 52.15%, amylose content of 22.44%, phenols 36.76 mg GAE/g, antioxidant activity 58.11%, resistant starch 22.54%, dietary fibre 12.15%. The crystallinity of Arumanis mango seed kernel flour was 27.10%, which showed a Type A pattern under X-ray diffraction. The functional group profile detected C=C aliphatic-aromatic at wave number 1608 cm-1and C=O aldehyde, ketone and ester at wave number 1714 cm-1. Based on the above characteristics, Arumanis mango seed kernel flour can be used as a substitute for food products or an alternative raw material.
K. Madhavi1*, M.G. Awati2, A.M. Shirol3, P. Pavan Kumar4, B.R. Chittapur5, Devarai Lava Kumar1 andM. Naveen Kumar1
1Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, ICAR -Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012. 2Department of Plant physiology, College of Horticulture, UHS-Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-560065. 3Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, UHS-Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-587104. 4Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Bangalore, UHS-Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-560065. 5Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, UHS-Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-587104. Corresponding e-mail: hortimadhavi@gmail.com
Abstract: Jasmine (Jasminum spp., family Oleaceae) is a commercially important flower crop valued for its aromatic blooms. Despite the wide genetic diversity present among jasmine genotypes, relatively few cultivars have been developed to date. Floral biology studies play a crucial role in identifying genotypes with favourable traits for breeding and crop improvement. However, such studies in jasmine are limited. So, the present investigation was conducted during 2019-2020 at the University of Horticultural Sciences, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka, to evaluate floral morphological and biological traits across 12 jasmine genotypes. Significant variation was observed in floral traits, including flower type, anthesis timing, anther dehiscence, stigma receptivity, and pollen sterility. The flowers were predominantly protandrous, with anther dehiscence occurring prior to anthesis. Anther dehiscence typically began at 4:00 PM and concluded by 7:00 PM, while anthesis commenced at 6:00 PM, peaking between 7:00 and 8:00 PM. Peak stigma receptivity was observed at anthesis and up to 12 hours post-anthesis. Most genotypes exhibited circular pollen grains, except J. multiflorum, which showed triangular pollen. Viable pollen diameter ranged from 42.57 to 79.53 ?m, whereas non-viable pollen ranged from 24.93 to 45.40 ?m. Pollen sterility percentages varied from 24.28% to 78.91%. This study provides essential insights into floral biology that can guide the selection of suitable parental genotypes for hybridization, helping to improve jasmine yield and quality. The observed variability in reproductive traits offers valuable information for breeders aiming to develop superior cultivars and can support strategic breeding and conservation programs in commercial jasmine cultivation.
Roshni Pydi¹, Madhavi K. Reddy¹*, P. Naresh¹, V. Venkataravanappa², D.C. Laksh- mana Reddy3 and T.H. Singh¹
¹Division of Vegetable Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru 560089, India. ²Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru 560089, India. 3Division of Basic Science, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru 560089, India. Corresponding e-mail: pydiroshni64@gmail.com
Abstract: Chilli is a vital crop in Indian agriculture, serving as a major cash crop and export commodity, with substantial contributions to farmers’ livelihoods and the national economy. Its significance extends beyond agriculture to nutrition, health and cultural heritage. However, chilli cultivation faces considerable challenges due to susceptibility to pests and diseases, particularly the chilli leaf curl virus (ChLCV), which has emerged as a significant threat in recent years. ChLCV can cause up to 100% crop loss, with widespread damage occurring at all growth stages, jeopardizing the sustainability of chilli cultivation. This underscores the urgent need for effective management strategies, including integrated pest management and the deployment of resistant planting materials. To develop resistant hybrids, understanding the genetic basis of resistance is critical. A study aimed at developing combined resistant lines to chilli leaf curl virus (ChLCV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and chilli veinal mottle virus (ChVMV) employed a double-cross breeding strategy: [(MS?B × IHR 2451) × (MS?B × IHR 4597)]. Segregation of double-cross F? individuals under natural epiphytotic conditions revealed a 1:1 ratio of resistant to susceptible plants, indicating that resistance to ChLCV is governed by a single dominant gene. The virus associated with this study was identified as the chilli leaf curl virus (Raichur isolate). Chi-square analysis confirmed a good fit to the expected segregation ratio, supporting the hypothesis of monogenic dominant inheritance. The resistant source, IHR 4597, identified in this study, can be effectively utilized for transferring the resistance gene into higher-yielding genotypes. Furthermore, this source offers potential for mapping the resistance gene, facilitating future breeding efforts to enhance ChLCV resistance in chilli.
Hamed H. Hamed1,2, Ahmed A Abdelhafez3, Ahmed A. Rashedy1* and Sameh Shaddad4
1Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. 2Organic Crop Production Department, Faculty of Organic Agriculture, Heliopolis University, Egypt. 3Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Organic Agriculture, Heliopolis University, Egypt. 4Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: ahmed.Rasheedy@agr.cu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i03.90
Key words: Olea europaea, organic farming, nitrogen, farm, fruit yield, fruit quality
Abstract: Agriculture is at a crossroads, as high productivity frequently comes at the expense?of the environment and human health. Organic agriculture provides this platform by decreasing dependence on synthetic?inputs and maintaining ecological equilibrium. The present investigation was undertaken to substitute mineral nitrogen (1 kg/tree) with organic sources (25 kg compost/tree treated once and bio inoculants with a combination of Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium and?Bacillus circulans three times per tree). The number of inflorescences per shoot and flowers per inflorescence were also enhanced by the organic treatments, with up to 22 and?14% increases compared with mineral nitrogen. It also?increased flower sex ratio and fruit set at both initial and final set by 7–14% and decreased the fruit drop by almost 30%. Yield, fruit weight and size?were all significantly increased and fruit weight was increased by more than 50% in both years. These results indicate that organic nitrogen sources can be used to?enhance flowering, fruiting and fruit yield characteristics of the Toffahi olive variety under saline water irrigation, and may be a promising, environmentally friendly approach to sustainable cultivation under climate stress conditions.
S.S. Taha1, A. Abdel-Wahab1*, A.M.M. Gabr2 and A.M.A. Abd Elgayd3
1Department of Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 2Department of Plant Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo-12622, Egypt.. 3Regional Development Center,Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, New Valley Governorate, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: ahmed2hoba@agr.cu.edu.eg
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate whether organic fertilization alone or with some ameliorative substances could replace mineral fertilization in minituber potato production to increase the quantity and quality of two cultivars (Cara and Hermes) of potato minituber produced in vitro. Two pot experiments were conducted at the greenhouse of the Regional Research Center located in New Valley Governorate during the winter seasons of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 in Egypt. The experiment included twelve treatments: 100% compost; 100% seaweed; 100% compost + vinasse; 100% seaweed + vinasse; 75 kg K2O/fed; 100 kg K2O/fed; 120 kg K2O/fed; 50% compost + 50% NPK; 50% seaweed + 50% NPK; 25% compost + 75% NPK+ vinasse; 25% seaweed + 75% NPK+ vinasse; and 25% compost + 75% NPK (control). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replicates. The results indicated that plant height, average minituber weight, minituber weight/pot and starch% in both seasons, chlorophyll reading in the first season as well as leaf area in the second season, were significantly higher in Cara cv. than Hermes cv., whereas shoot weight in both seasons, chlorophyll reading in the second season as well as stem number of potato plant only in the first season were significantly higher in Hermes cv. than Cara cv. On the other hand, the treatment of 120 kg K2O caused a significant increment of plant height, leaf area, shoot weight, stem number, starch% and chlorophyll reading, 90 DAP, followed by 100 kg K2O. Moreover, the mixture of 25% compost + 75% NPK+vinasse gave the highest values of tubers number, average minituber weight and minituber weight/pot.
J.R. Valenzuela-García1,2, A.I. Luna-Maldonado1*, M.A. Méndez-Dorado2, M. Cadena-Zapata2, J. Arredondo-Valdez³, J.A. López-López2, M.G. Valenzuela-Carrizales2, B.E. de la Peña- Casas2 and H.E. Gonzalez-Ramirez2
1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y de los Alimentos, Francisco Villa S/N, Ex-Hacienda El Canadá, General Escobedo, Nuevo León, 66050, Mexico. 2Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Departamento de Maquinaria Agrícola. Calz. Antonio Narro 1923. Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. 3Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo, Departamento de Mecatrónica. Blvd. Venustiano. Carranza. Saltillo, Coahuila. Mexico. Corresponding e-mail: alejandro.lunaml@uanl.edu.mx
Abstract: Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) is a vital species in arid and semi-arid regions due to its economic, nutritional, and ecological benefits. As droughts become more severe, food production is increasingly threatened. This study aimed to assess the impact of water stress on the growth and productivity of OFI under various irrigation treatments in the semi-arid region of Coahuila, Mexico. The experimental design included four irrigation treatments with different soil moisture levels (T1: 31.67%, T2: 27.05%, T3: 19.37%, and a control irrigated to saturation) using the Atlixco variety. The variables measured—humidity percentage, plant temperature, OFI cladodes temperature, soil temperature, and NDVI—showed no significant differences. However, cladode thickness, particularly at the tip and middle sections, increased under higher stress treatments, suggesting an adaptation to water scarcity. Cladode yield was significantly higher in T2 (5.71 kg) compared to the other treatments, indicating that OFI can sustain productivity under water-limited conditions.
J. Dharani1, J. Aneesha2*, A. Heena Afrin1, M. Vignesh3, K. Udhaya Kumar4, A. Fathima1, K. Anchana1 and M.R. Manjusha5
1Department of Fruit Science, HC and RI, TNAU, Periyakulam – 625604, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Dindigul – 624302, Tamil Nadu, India. 3Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Technology, Theni – 625562, Tamil Nadu, India. 4Department of Horticulture, RVS Padmavathy College of Horticulture, Dindigul – 624707, Tamil Nadu, India. 5Department of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Wayanad – 673593, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: aneeshaj017@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i03.93
Key words: Genotypes, Japanese mint, open field, quality, vertical structure
Abstract: Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.), a member of the family Lamiaceae, is a perennial, herbaceous, aromatic plant that holds significant economic value. It serves as a leafy vegetable and, more importantly, as a primary source for natural menthol. This dual utility, along with its valuable metabolites, is driving the growing demand for Mentha products. However, global population growth and urbanization are rapidly reducing cultivable land, making it difficult to produce fresh, high-quality vegetables. In this context, vertical farming has emerged as a promising alternative, utilizing controlled environments that enable the year-round production of quality vegetables, regardless of the climatic conditions. In this study, nine genotypes of Japanese mint viz., Kosi (V1), CIM-Kranti (V2), Himalaya (V3), Kalka (V4), MAS-1 (V5), Saksham (V6), Gomti (V7), Seelayampatti local (V8) and Bangalore type (V9) under open field (G1) and vertical A-frame structure (G2) were evaluated. Among them, Saksham (V6) and Gomti (V7) showed an increase in quality parameters in both growing conditions. Saksham in vertical A-frame structure (G2V6)recorded maximum protein content (1.99 mg 100 g-1), total phenol content (22.86 mg 100 g-1) and calcium content (9.62 %) and Gomti (G2V7)recorded maximum vitamin C content (27.5 mg 100 g-1) and potassium content (2.17 %) when grown in vertical A frame structure. These findings underscore the immense potential of vertical farming, particularly A-frame structures, to not only mitigate land scarcity but also significantly enhance the nutritional and phytochemical quality of economically important crops, such as Japanese mint. Therefore, adopting vertical farming is crucial for consistently supplying high-quality mint products to meet growing global demands.
G. Suba1, S.K. Mathanghi1, Rita Narayanan2 and B. Murugan3
1Department of Food Processing Technology, College of Food and Dairy Technology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Sciences University, Chennai- 600 052. 2Department of Livestock Products Technology (Dairy Science), Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Sciences University, Vepery, Chennai- 600 007. 3Department of Food Safety and Quality Assurance, College of Food and Dairy Technology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Sciences University, Chennai- 600 052. Corresponding e-mail: mathanghisoma@gmail.com
Abstract: Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius), often referred to as the “King of Tuber Crops” due to its high nutritive value and low cost, has recently gained attention for its valorization into a novel ready-to-cook product enriched with health-beneficial phytochemicals. Ready-To-Cook (RTC) valorized convenience product was prepared from elephant foot yam and packed in vacuum-pack frozen form. From the phytochemical analysis, flavonoid was detected on the ethanol extracts of the raw yam and the valorized frozen product of aqueous extract, but phenolic compounds were found on the raw and frozen as well as fried forms. Raw yam chloroform extracts did not have terpenoids, while frozen valorized chloroform extracts did not contain cardiac glycosides. Most extracts also revealed no detection results concerning tannins, except for two, whereas saponins were positive for approximately half of the extracts tested, and most were not detected for phlobatannins. Quantitative analysis of the changes showed a decrease of phenol (29.6 %), tannins (22 %) and phytic acid (15.79 %) in RTC Elephant foot yam valorized product after frying when compared to the fresh frozen product. The DPPH assay revealed a notably high potential for health benefits (IC50 value - 75.28 µg/L). The phytochemicals and antioxidants it contains are key elements in preventing disease and maintaining health. The other additional benefits were that this product contains 2.35 g/ 100 g of dietary fibre and a total protein value of 17 g/100 g.
Omar Thaer Kamil1, Ahmed Adnan Mohammed1, Ahmed Abdelhady Rashedy2*, Wael Mohamed Eldeeb3 and Hamed Hosny Hamed2,4
1Department of Medicinal and Industrial Plants, College of Medicinal and Industrial Plants, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq. 2Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 3Energy and Environment Research Center, Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies, Egypt. 4Organic Crop Production Department, Faculty of Organic Agriculture, Heliopolis University, Egypt.Corresponding e-mail: ahmed.rasheedy@agr.cu.edu.eg
Abstract: Vegetative propagation is crucial for maintaining genetic integrity in the production of commercial olive planting material. However, poor rooting makes it difficult to grow cuttings from specific varieties. Nitric oxide (NO), a signalling molecule that has been shown to enhance root initiation in various plant species, may help overcome this barrier. This study evaluated the effect of nitric oxide (NO) at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 µM on the rooting of Pendolino olive cuttings. NO at 100 µM produced the highest rooting percentage (52.24%), number of roots (10.8), and root length, alongside significant increases in catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities, and a marked reduction in indole-3-acetic acid oxidase (IAAox) activity. In comparison to the control (0 µM NO + 4000 ppm IBA), 100 µM NO elevated CAT, POD, and PPO activities by 52%, 85.22%, and 88.51%, respectively, while reducing IAAox by 44%. At this concentration, NO also decreased total phenols by 9.14%. The dose-dependent pattern of the effect of NO concentration on roots could be distinguished. Rooting was significantly inhibited by the highest concentration of NO (8000 µM). These results indicate that neither suboptimal nor supraoptimal NO concentration can promote effective adventitious rooting, highlighting the importance of a precise concentration range for improved rooting in challenging olive cultivars.
Vineet Singh1, Ashish Yadav2, Sanket Kumar1*, Sampurna Nand Singh1,Mohd. Haris Siddiqui1, Vishambhar Dayal2 and Shailendra Rajan2**
1Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (IIAST) Integral University, Lucknow, India. 2Central Institute for Sub Tropical Horticulture Rehmankhera, Kakori- 226101, India. Corresponding e-mail: srajanlko@gmail.com
Abstract: Breeding of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in India has advanced from early selection of superior seedlings to a well-organized hybridization program, facilitating high productivity and quality cultivars for different agro-climatic regions. Major traits like regular bearing, dwarfing or semi-dwarfing habit for high-density orchards, fiber-free pulp with good total soluble solids (TSS), firmness to prevent during transportation and storage, protracted shelf life, resistance/tolerance to diseases and pests. Breeding goals have lately included mostly varieties with a red blush, satisfying consumer’s aspiring taste change and trendy export market need for better eye-appeal to go along with firmness, storable capacity, and sugar-acid ratio. Hybrids have been developed in various regions of India to enhance adaptation, increase productivity, and improve resistance to stress. Dramatic changes are anticipated in the near future, driven by genomics, precision phenotyping, and crop enhancement technologies, including bioactive compound enrichment, to develop the next generation of cultivars. This work has led to a new range of planted-out hybrids that have built up efficiencies in orchards, in both domestic and export markets, preserving livelihoods while maintaining this diversity through a large-scale customization approach. The review attempts to summarize progress in mango breeding in India, from selection to targeted crossing that combines red blush appeal, high TSS, firmness, and shelf life with regular bearing, compact canopies for high-density orchards, along with emerging genomics-driven, climate-resilient, nutrient-enriched cultivars adapted for diverse agroclimatic conditions and export markets.
S. Matsuyama*, K. Dosoand S. Sato
Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University. 582 Bunkyodaimidorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan. Corresponding e-mail: mashuhei@gmail.com
Abstract: The ornamental perennial Phlox subulata and its varieties are often affected by root-feeding Scarabaeidae larvae, leading to dieback. These larvae are harmful insects that are difficult to detect. The relationship between the horizontal distribution of root-feeding Scarabaeidae larvae and the aboveground condition of P. subulata was examined in the field. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of drought stress, root-cutting, and larvae introduction on the leaf chlorophyll index (LCI) in P. subulata. A field survey was also conducted, and the numbers of larvae were found to be higher in plots where P. subulata experienced dieback than in plots where the plants did not die, and in plots adjacent to dieback plots. This result indicates that the number of larvae corresponds to the aboveground condition of the plant. Both root-cutting and drought stress treatments significantly decreased the LCI and killed some of the plants, implying that drought stress and physical root injury changed the plants’ aboveground condition. The introduction of larvae also significantly decreased the LCI, in a manner similar to the drought stress treatment. The decreases in the LCI due to the drought stress and larvae introduction treatments were detected before the dieback of P. subulata in the experiment, which implies that constant monitoring of the LCI is an effective method for early detection of root-feeding larvae.
Mohamed M. Shahein1, S. Sahar Taha1, T. Nady Abdala1 and M. Abdelwahab Mahmoud2
1Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 2Plant Physiology Division, Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613. Corresponding e-mail: sahar.taha@agr.cu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i03.98
Key words: Snap bean, nano micronutrient fertilizers, growth, yield and nutritional value
Abstract: This two-season field study evaluated the impact of foliar-applied nano and chelated micronutrient fertilizers (iron, zinc, and manganese), combined with standard NPK, on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growth, yield, and nutritional quality under sandy soil conditions in Egypt. Using a randomized complete block design, nine treatments were assessed during 2022 and 2023. Results consistently showed that nano-fertilizer applications significantly enhanced vegetative growth parameters, including plant height, leaf count, and shoot fresh weight. Specifically, the combined nano (Fe+Zn+Mn) treatment proved most effective, leading to the highest total green pod yield (5.77 tons/fed in 2022; 6.33 tons/fed in 2023) and improved total soluble solids (TSS). Furthermore, nano-fertilizers notably increased the concentrations of macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn) in both leaves and pods, indicating superior nutrient uptake and translocation efficiency. The study also revealed the positive effects of nano-fertilizers on key biochemical quality traits, including protein, fibre, fat, and ascorbic acid content. These benefits are attributed to the unique properties of nanoparticles, including their small size and high surface area, which facilitate enhanced nutrient bioavailability. This research highlights the promising potential of integrating nano-fertilizers into agricultural practices to significantly boost common bean productivity and nutritional value, thereby supporting more sustainable farming systems.
Khusnul Khotimah, Sri Darmanti* and Muhammad Luqman Hakim
Biology Department, Science and Mathematics Faculty, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH. Street, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java 50275, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: darmantisri@yahoo.co.id
Abstract: Weeds are a group of plants which are undesirable because they can reduce the growth and productivity of horticultural crops. Weeds belonging to the Poaceae Family, such as Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, and Setaria plicata (Lam.) T.Cooke, have been reported to disrupt various horticultural cultivated fields. Leaf anatomy is a crucial aspect that requires study because it is closely related to adaptation, taxonomy, evolution, and the ability of a plant species to interact with horticultural crops. This study examined the anatomical characteristics of the leaves of these five weed species. Exploration methods were used to obtain leaf samples. Cross-section preparations were made using a semi-permanent method with free-hand sectioning techniques. The parameters studied were the leaf anatomy of the five weed species. The results showed that the leaf anatomy of the five species consists of epidermal tissue, mesophyll, xylem, phloem, bundle sheath cells, and sclerenchyma. All five species belong to the C4 group with Kranz leaf anatomy. Bulliform cells and stomata, as derivative epidermis, are found in all five weed species. Non-glandular trichomes were found in D. sanguinalis and S. plicata. The anatomical structure of the five weed species shows adaptations for efficient carbon use in dry environments. These findings support an integrated weed management approach by identifying key anatomical characteristics that can inform the development of weed control strategies in horticultural agricultural fields, such as efforts to enhance herbicide penetration efficiency.
Vaibhav Srivastava1, M. Srivastava1 and Shailendra Rajan2*
1Amity Institute of Information Technology, Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow, India.
Abstract: Mango leaf diseases threaten yield and quality, underscoring the need for early diagnosis and actionable monitoring. Addressing the absence of an integrated Visual Management System (VMS) in prevailing methodologies, this work introduces an enhanced VMS for real-time mango leaf disease analysis that unifies computer vision and language understanding. The framework employs Soft Root Sign–VGG16–Fast Dropout–ResNet50 (SRSVGG16FDResNet50) for visual classification and Generalized Canonical Correlation Multimodal Autoencoders (GCCMA) for cross-modal feature fusion. On the visual side, mango leaf images were preprocessed, followed by leaf color detection, superpixel segmentation, and feature extraction. In parallel, disease-related question–answer (Q&A) data were curated and preprocessed; keywords are extracted, entity–relation graphs were constructed, and textual features were derived. LeCun Bayesian BERT (LeCunBayBERT) generates embeddings for answers, questions, and keywords to enhance semantic representation. GCCMA was used to fuse the visual and textual to model crossmodal correlations and finally, the disease classification was done by SRSVGG16FDResNet50. With testing, the user is authenticated and provides images with queries via the VMS interface, and the system provides the predicted diagnosis as well as the natural language responses. The proposed framework outperforms existing methodologies for mango leaf disease detection, achieving higher accuracy (98.45%) while supporting interpretable, real-time decision support for orchard management. As a case study, we demonstrate the system’s effectiveness on anthracnose and sooty mold, illustrating end-to-end detection and interpretation.
N. Jitsopakul1*, A. Chunthaworn1, U. Pongket2 and K. Thammasiri3
1Department of Plant Science, Textile and Design, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Surin Campus, Surin 32000, Thailand. 2Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Surin Campus, Surin 32000, Thailand. 3Center for Gardening and Horticulture, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China. Corresponding e-mail: njitsopakul@hotmail.com
Abstract: Preservation of orchid pollinia is required for the intergeneric hybridization of species with different flowering times. Pollinia were collected from the flowers of three genera and fifteen species of male orchid plants. The pollinia were then refrigerated at 10 °C for a duration ranging from 4 d to 274 d, depending on the blooming period of Aerides, Rhynchostylis, and Vanda genera and eleven species of female parent plants. A total of thirty-six crosses of intergeneric hybridization were studied. Pod formation, the size and age of the hybrid pods, and in vitro seed germination were used to assess the capacity of the pollinia for fertilization. Results showed that pod formation (8.33% to 100%) was observed in twenty-seven crosses (75%), with the success of sixteen crosses of intergeneric hybridization (44%) having seeds with embryos that germinated into protocorms on modified VW (1949) medium or MS (1962) medium including, R. coelestis x A. falcata (48 d), V. liouvillei x A. houlletiana (4 d), V. liouvillei x A. multiflora (8 d), R. coelestis x A. multiflora (11 d), V. liouvillei x R. coelestis (18 d), A. rosea x R. coelestis (25 d), V. lilacina x R. gigantea “Alba” (47 d), V. lilacina x R. gigantea “Cartoon” (17 d), V. lilacina x R. gigantea “Red color” (23 d), A. multiflora x V. curvifolia (44 d), A. odoratum x V. curvifolia (44 d), R. coelestis x V. curvifolia (71 d), A. rosea x V. curvifolia (72 d), A. rosea x V. garayi (95 d), R. coelestis x V. garayi (95 d), and V. garayi x V. lilacina (53 d). All protocorms developed into plantlets after culturing on modified VW agar medium supplemented with 100 g L–1 banana, 150 mL L–1 coconut water, 20 g L–1 sucrose, 2 g L–1 activated charcoal, and 7 g L–1 agar. The intergeneric hybrid plantlets successfully survived in the greenhouse. Male pollinia can be stored at 10°C and utilized for the creation of orchid hybrids to progress orchid breeding and the preservation of Thai orchid species. The methods are uncomplicated and direct, needing no chemicals, tools, or complex procedures.
S.J. Prejith Raj, A. Sheena*, Beena Thomas, M. Rafeekher and Pratheesh P. Gopinath
Instructional Farm, Kerala Agricultural University, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, 695522, Kerala, India. Corresponding e-mail: sheena2sa@yahoo.co.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.29
Key words: Hibiscus, SEM, pollen grains, pollen morphology, exine
Abstract: Pollen morphology of Hibiscus rosa sinensis cultivars ‘Playboy’ and ‘Gelia Castillo’ were studied under light and scanning electron microscope. The two cultivars exhibited spheroidal pollen with pantoporate aperture and spiny surfaces under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The pollen diameter of the cv ‘Playboy’ and cv ‘Gelia Castillo’ were 116.0 ?m and 129.6 ?m, respectively. The pollen apertures of both the cultivars were similar with round shape but in the cv. ‘Gelia Castillo’, the aperture was partially covered with an exine layer. The cv ‘Gelia Castillo’ exhibited a pollen fertility of 93.84%, whereas the cv ‘Playboy’ exhibited a pollen fertility of 88.57%. This study offers important information regarding the pollen traits of H. rosa sinensis cultivars ‘Playboy’ and ‘Gelia Castillo’. Due to their attractive floral characters and high pollen fertility, both cultivars can be utilized as good male parents in crop improvement programs for breeding novel hibiscus varieties.
D. Mahesh Reddy1,2*, Kalkame Ch. Momin3, V. Bhargav2, Nancy Lego4, P. Chakradhar1, V. Siva Teja5, Urati Mahesh6
1Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Dr. YSRHU- College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta, Andhra Pradesh- 516105, India. 2Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture and Forestry, CAU, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, 791102, India. 3Department of Horticulture, North Eastern Hill University, Tura Campus, Tura, Meghalaya. 4All India Coordinated Research Project on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Betel Vines, College of Agriculture, CAU, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, 791102, India. 5Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, KAU, Thrissur, 680656, India. 6Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Dr. YSRHU- College of Horticulture, Andhra Pradesh- 516105, India. Corresponding author: Maheshduggireddy1@gmail.com
Abstract: To assess the genetic variability, heritability, and association of 21 key quantitative variables in 15 distinct Dendrobium species, efforts were made to study the germplasm of Dendrobium orchids in different parts of Arunachal Pradesh between 2020 and 2022. Significant variance was found in every attribute in the study, indicating that there is sufficient genetic diversity to support breeding efforts. The most significant values of PCV and GCV were recorded for the number of flowers per inflorescence (136.13% and 135.35%, respectively) and the number of inflorescences per plant (136.18% and 133.94%, respectively). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for inflorescence length (99.74%), the number of flowers per inflorescence (99.68%), flower width in the front view (99.41%), and flower length (99.25%). Selection based on these characteristics would be more effective for improving interspecific hybrids. Other characters exhibited moderate broad-sense heritability with low genetic advance. Plant height, internode number, number of leaves, and flower longevity showed positive and highly significant associations with the number of flowers per inflorescence and the number of inflorescences per plant at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels. However, correlation study revealed that selecting parents based on plant height, internode number, number of leaves, and flower longevity in plants would be helpful in breeding programs.
Mujeeb Ur Rehman1, Manisha Chaudhary1, Arvind Arya2 and Sandeep Kumar1*
1Department of Biotechnology, Shobhit Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed-to-be-University), NH- 58, Modipuram, Meerut, Delhi-NCR, Meerut-250110, (UP), India. 2Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering Technology, 19, Knowledge Park- II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida (UP), India. Corresponding e-mail: dr.sandeepkumar@shobhituniversity.ac.in
Abstract: Adansonia digitata L. (Kalpvriksha, Baobab) of the family Malvaceae is an endangered flora in India. The micropropagation of woody plants, adventitious root and shoot development remain some of the major problems due to their recalcitrance to in vitro handling. In the present study, an efficient protocol for in vitro shoot regeneration and propagation of recalcitrant baobab trees was developed. Shoot induction on nodal explants was evaluated using various concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Kinetin (Kn) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) with NAA. The highest number of adventitious shoots per explants (3.2±2.33) and longest shoots (3.3±2.20) were recorded on 0.5mg/L BAP and 0.2mg/L NAA treatments. Three auxins, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were used in the induction of roots. The highest rooting was achieved with IBA-treated shoots at 1.0 mg/L concentration. Although A. digitata has previously revealed complexity in in vitro proliferation, the results proved efficient and reproducible. The 74% survival rates of plantlets was observed after three months.
T. Damodaran1, Prasenjit Debnath1&2*, Maneesh Mishra1* Ram Gopal1, Sangeeta1, Sukhen Chandra Das2, Debasree Podder2, Swapan Deb Roy2, Pinak Pani Datta2, Thingreingam Irenaeus2 and Niren Majumder2
1ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankheda, Lucknow-226101, India. 2College of Agriculture, Lembucherra, Tripura-799210, India. Corresponding e-mail: prasenjitdebnath2@gmail, maneeshmishra.cish@gmail.com
Abstract: Banana cv. Sabri (AAB), a traditional and highly demanded cultivar in Tripura, has been a profitable crop for farmers. However, in recent years, this well-known variety has been severely affected by Fusarium wilt (Race 1). The outbreak of the disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 1 (Foc TR-1), has not only led to a significant decline in yield but has also impacted its commercial cultivation in several hotspot regions of Tripura. The virulent nature of the pathogen limits the field level success of the control initiatives through chemicals, resistance breeding and biological control, providing serious threats for banana growers in the region. This study assesses the efficacy of the bio-immunized tissue culture raised Sabri banana plantlets and the periodical spray of ICAR-FUSICONT for the community based management of banana Fusarium wilt. The effectiveness of this integrated approach was critically assessed by evaluating the disease management aspects along with yield restoration in hot spot regions. Banana orchards adopting this combined technology revealed significantly lower disease incidence percentage (2.98 %) compared to non-adopted plantations (28.44 %). Further, these technological interventions increased the yield from 13.33 kg/plant to 16.58 kg/plant. The findings highlighted the potential of these technologies in the management of Fusarium wilt and improving Sabri banana yield in Tripura.
R.G. Somkuwar1*, P.K. Ausari2, P.B. Kakade3, A.K. Sharma1, and P.S. Karande1
1ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra (India) – 412307. 2Department of Horticulture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (India) – 474001. 3MPKV, Rahuri, Maharashtra (India) - 413722. Corresponding e-mail: rgsgrapes@gmail.com
Abstract: The present study was conducted at ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, for three years (2018-19 to 2020-21). The experiment was laid out using a Randomized Block Design, with three treatments replicated seven times. Three planting spacing were evaluated as 8 x 2 feet, 8 x 3 feet and 8 x 4 feet. The findings of the study revealed that yield and quality are affected by planting distance/ density. Higher pruning weight (0.760 kg/plant), early sprouting (11.33 days after pruning), number of bunches/vine (42.47), number of berries/bunch (106.19), higher yield (3.60 kg/vine), berry quality parameters i.e. TSS (23.49 oBrix), potassium content (948.83 ppm), carbohydrate (29.17%) and wine quality parameters like- better sweetness and higher acidity were observed in 8 x 4 feet planting distance. Shoot length (78.84 cm), average bunch weight (92.36 g), 100-berry weight (101.10 g), phenol content (0.90 mg/L), and wine quality parameters like- aromatic intensity and tannin content were higher in 8 x 3 feet planting distance. The spacing 8 x 2 feet was better for shoot diameter (5.77 mm), yield (19.06 t/ha), berry quality parameters like- acidity (6.32 g/L), juice pH (3.68), volatile acids (0.13 g/L), total acid content in wine (5.14 g/L) and wine organoleptic taste like- colour, body, alcohol, length and overall acceptability.
Sneha Rawat1, Rashmi Goswami1, Sonu Ambwani1* and Tanuj Kumar Ambwani2
1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, C.B.S.H., Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India. 2Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, C.V.A.S., Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India. Corresponding e-mail: sonuambwani@yahoo.co.in
Abstract: Bergenia ligulate is an important ornamental medicinal plant of the Himalayan region known for its extensive biological activities, low maintenance and wide range of pharmaceutical applications. In the present study aqueous extract of rhizomes of Bergenia ligulata (BLAE) was evaluated for its in vitro immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity through lymphocytes proliferation assay (LPA), lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) assays in chicken lymphocytes. The extraction yield of the rhizome of Bergenia ligulata in water was about 8.90%. BLAE showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Maximum non-cytotoxic dose (MNCD) of BLAE for lymphocyte culture was determined to be 200 µg/mL. LPA showed that BLAE enhanced lymphocyte proliferation of B cells and T cells. Treatment with BLAE significantly increased the level of GSH, SOD, CAT and decreased the level of LPO in chicken lymphocytes, thus indicating the antioxidant potential of BLAE. The efficiency of poultry production is rising due to increased global consumption of chicken over red meat, leading to industry intensification, and the focus is shifting from antibiotic growth promoters to non-antibiotic alternatives like phytogenics to combat antibiotic resistance. The study reveals significant immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of BLAE, thus suggesting that it could be a potential feed additive in poultry production. However, further in vivo research is required to evaluate its efficacy and safety for application in commercial poultry farming.
Department of Food Science and Technology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Pincode: 263145. Corresponding e-mail: rawatneha1225@gmail.com
Abstract: Wild apricot kernels are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, but also high in amygdalin, which hydrolyzes to form hydrogen cyanide (HCN), a deadly compound. The purpose of this study was to lower HCN levels in wild apricot kernels by soaking them at various kernel diameters (0.34 mm to 11.66 mm) and periods (0.34 h to 11.66 h) under controlled circumstances. The soaking process was done at 30 ± 2°C, with water replaced every hour and a water-to-kernel ratio of 10:1. These conditions were optimized using Design Expert software and results indicate significantly reduced hydrogen cyanide (HCN) levels while maximizing nutritious content can be obtained. Breaking the kernels into smaller sizes (7.88 mm) and soaking for 10 hours lowered HCN levels to 36.13 mg/100 g while maintaining excellent nutritional content (21.16% protein, 47.75% fat, and 21.22% carbs) and yield (96.45%). The improved soaking process provides an effective and practical way for detoxifying wild apricot kernels while retaining their nutritional value.
A.R. Gawali* and B.B. Waykar
Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad)- 431004, (Maharashtra), India. Corresponding e-mail: ashishgawali8888@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.36
Key words: Pollen substitute diets, medicinal plants, consumption rate, foraging activity, population strength, brood development, Apis mellifera L.
Abstract: The study aimed to develop pollen substitute diets using medicinal plants for Apis mellifera colonies to satisfy their pollen and nectar requirements during drought conditions. A full-fledged pollen substitute diet plays a vital role during the floral dearth period and helps maintain the honey bee’s health and strength from April to June 2023. Eight different pollen substitute diets were fed to 8 treatment groups of honeybee colonies. Diet-1, containing only sugar syrup (50 %) was used as a control. Pollen Diet-2 to 8 containing leaf and fruit powders of locally available medicinal plants and other contents with sugar syrup (50 %). The study parameters such as feed consumption rate, foraging activity, pollen storage, capped brood area, and population strength of bees were studied. The honeybee colonies fed with Diet-8, with mixed contents, showed the highest consumption rate, foraging activity, pollen storage, capped brood area and total strength of bees as compared to other treatment groups of colonies. The result showed high potential of a pollen substitute diet to improve the overall health of honeybee colonies under adverse conditions of nectar and pollen sources.
Robin Kumar Mahato, Jayant Chand, Sapna Soni, Divya Bera, Nikhil H Lakra, Augustine Guria, Md. Irfan Ahmad Ansari* and Pramod Rai
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand – 834006, India. Corresponding e-mail: irfaniitkgp2000@gmail.com
Abstract: Cold storage is an important method for storing onions in fresh and wholesome state for a longer period. Small cold storage for storing sixteen tonnes of onion at 1°C was designed to reduce post-harvest losses of onions and ensure a better return to small and marginal farmers. The polypropylene plastic mesh bags of 50 kg capacity were selected for onion storage with dimensions of 94 cm x 57 cm x 35 cm. The number of bags was found to be 3200 for storage of sixteen tonnes (16 MT) of onions. Considering 8 layers of bags stacked on wooden pallets, the stack height was obtained as 2.8 m. The inside and outside dimension of onion cold storage was was 8.3 m × 5.5 m × 4 m and 9 m × 6.3 m × 4.7 m in length, width and height, respectively with 10 stacks in 8 layers. The volume of cold storage was found to be 1802.6 m3. The construction and insulating materials selected were polyurethane sheet, PUF, polythene sheet, PCC, PVC panels, brick, etc., for floors, walls, door and roof for cooling load calculation. The cooling load was calculated considering all the possible heat sources. The total cooling load was found to be 2052770.6 kJ/day with 85.88% product heat load, 5.61% transmission heat load and 4.02% air infiltration load of total heat load. The cooling load for cooling sixteen tonnes of onions was found to be 9.5 tonnes which would be helpful in the selection of appropriate refrigeration systems by farmers and traders.
S.R. Jervin Ananth1, B.S. Manjula1*, S. Kurien1, B. Madhumitha2 and P. Ramesh Kumar3
1Division of Horticulture, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu - 641114, India. 2Division of Plant Pathology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu - 641114, India. 3Division of Crop physiology and Biochemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu - 641114, India. Corresponding e-mail: manju.flori@gmail.com
Abstract: Guava is a climacteric fruit with a short shelf life (5-8 days). The rapid postharvest deterioration of guava fruits poses a major challenge in increasing longevity and retaining quality. This study examined the impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) infused into different biopolymer edible coatings, including beeswax, gelatin, guar gum, and xanthan gum, to extend the shelf life which is relatively unexplored in guava fruits. The results revealed that AgNPs-coated fruits exhibited significantly prolonged shelf life: beeswax-coated fruits lasted 11 days, gelatin-coated fruits lasted 9.5 days, guar gum-coated fruits lasted 7 days and xanthan gum-coated fruits lasted 6.25 days, compared to the control (4.25 days). The highest PLW (Physiological Loss in Weight) of 70.44 % was noticed in uncoated fruits and the lowest PLW of 38.73 % in beeswax + AgNPs at the 12th day of storage was noticed. The highest firmness of 24.25 kg cm-2 was observed in beeswax + AgNPs and the lowest firmness of 6.00 kg cm-2 was noted in uncoated fruits on the 12th day of storage. The highest Total Soluble Solids (TSS) content of 16.80° Brix on the 10th day was recorded in the control (uncoated fruits), but the fruits shrunk and lost consumer acceptance. On the contrary, the lowest value of 11.80° Brix was found in fruits coated with beeswax + AgNPs, but there was only a slight decline on 10th day. The fruits retained their form and shape. High vitamin C retention was observed in beeswax + AgNPs coating as 195.2 mg100g-1, but a massive reduction was observed in control as 169.6 mg100g-1 on the 12th day of observation. The observations taken on the 12th day of storage denote delayed starch conversion with a high percentage of total sugar reduction at 5.51 in beeswax + AgNPs coating. The high percentage of total sugars was observed in control as 9.22. The biopolymer coatings with AgNPs delayed fruit senescence and maintained better physiological and biochemical properties, demonstrating their potential as an effective postharvest treatment for guava fruits. This is the first study of its kind in guava using AgNPs with biopolymers. The results of the study were highly promising, opening the door for more intensive research and the need to scale up this technique to address postharvest loss of guava fruits.
U. Sharma1*, N.S. Kaler2 and S. Verma3
1Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Mashobra, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. 2College of Horticulture & Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India. 3Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P). Corresponding e-mail: upender.35@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.39
Key words: Boron, apple, front-line demonstration, extension gap, technology gap and economics
Abstract: Apple (Malus domestica) grown in the lower Spiti Valley in harsh climatic conditions is regarded as an important source of income for tribal farmers. Poor flower and fruit formation due to a lack of boron in apple orchards leads to lower productivity. Considering this issue, front-line demonstrations were conducted at farmers' orchards across various locations in the Spiti Valley from 2020 to 2021. The impact of boron foliar application on apple yield and the socioeconomic status of farmers in the region was then assessed. Front-line demonstrations demonstrated a yield increase of 21.32% and 9.14% in 2020 and 2021, respectively, over traditional practice (no boron application). Apple yield varied from 205 to 221 q ha-1 and 262 to 275 q ha-1 during 2020 and 2021, respectively, in demonstration plots. Average apple yield of 213.4 q ha-1 (2020) and 267.4 q ha-1(2021) were recorded in demonstration plots. The technology gap was 86.6 q ha-1 in 2020 and 32.6 q ha-1 in 2021. The mean extension gap during 2 years of study was 22.9 q ha-1, emphasizing the need to motivate and train farmers to adopt improved scientific practices. The technology index during the year 2020 was 20.9% and further, it reduced to 10.9% during 2021, showing higher feasibility of the demonstrated technology. Economic practices revealed higher net returns and benefit-to-cost ratios of 2.16 in 2020 and 3.53 in 2021, enhancing better awareness and adoption of improved practices, thereby increasing the socio-economic status of farmers.
Nilina James and Mridul Umesh*
Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029 Karnataka, India. Corresponding e-mail: mridul.umesh@christuniversity.in
Abstract: Rhizobacteria that promote plant growth are crucial for improving the health, growth, and yield of plants. In this study, 14 isolates were obtained and the significance of Bacillus albus NJ01 as PGPR for the improvement of growth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was assessed, as it showed plant growth-promoting traits like IAA, siderophores and ammonia production, phosphate and zinc solubilization, etc. Its role in increasing crop root and shoot length while avoiding the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers was also studied. The root length of tomato control plants and plants treated with bioinoculant was found to be 5.58 ± 0.15 and 7.98 ± 0.24 cm, respectively. The shoot length of control plants and plants treated with bioinoculant was found to be 8.25 ± 0.82 and 10.24 ± 0.11 cm, respectively, therefore confirming the potentiality of Bacillus albus NJ01 bioinoculant as an able PGPR for improving the growth of tomato.
R. Rashika* and P. Karuppaiah
Department of Horticulture (Floriculture and Landscaping), Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: vpkhortic@yahoo.com, rashikaravi0506199@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.41
Key words: Dracaena reflexa cv. Song of India, media, yield parameters, quality indices, vase life, cut foliage
Abstract: The quality of cut foliage is significantly influenced by growing media, with traditional media such as red earth and sand being non-renewable and unsustainable. This study aims to determine the sustainable, eco-friendly substrates for Dracaena reflexa cv. Song of India cut foliage to increase the growth, yield, and quality. The experiment was laid out in CRBD with 9 treatments and 3 replications, utilized various combinations of garden soil, red earth, sand, farmyard manure (FYM), burnt rice husk, and cocopeat. Among the different treatments, T8 (Garden soil + burnt rice husk + FYM + coco peat at 2:1:1:1 v/v) showed the best performance in growth and yield attributes, viz., plant height, spread, leaf numbers, leaf area, chlorophyll content, root length, and fresh weight. Yield and quality characteristics like number of cut stems, visual scoring, freshness index, colour index, and vase life were also noted as high in T8. Control (T0)-Garden soil recorded the minimum across these parameters. These findings indicate that combination of garden soil, burnt rice husk, FYM, and cocopeat is the most effective and sustainable alternative for improving the yield, growth, and quality of Dracaena reflexa cv. Song of India cut foliage.
Dixit Chaudhary1*, Bharati Kashyap1, S.R. Dhiman1, Manisha Kaushal2 and Anju Sharma3
1Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture. 2Department of Food Science and Technology. 3Department of Basic Sciences, Dr. YS. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.). Corresponding e-mail: dixitchoudhary70@ gmail.com
Abstract: Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema x grandiflora Tzvelev) is a popular ornamental flower cherished worldwide and widely used as loose flowers in India. However, the perishability and inconsistency in the quality of chrysanthemum flowers pose marketing challenges, rendering losses to the farmers. The production of value-added products like garlands and venis can reduce postharvest losses, increase profits, and create new employment opportunities. The present study was conducted at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr. YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan to morphologically characterize eight genotypes of chrysanthemum to assess their suitability for loose flower production and then prepare value-added products from the flowers of selected genotypes for carrying out the cost analysis. The loose flowers and the value-added products were assessed for their marketability and profitability, among the genotypes evaluated for loose flower production, cv. ‘Solan Shringar’ outshined the other genotypes in terms of largest flowers, highest flower number per plant and postharvest shelf-life. For the value-added products derived from loose flowers, the highest returns on investment was observed for special garlands, followed by B:C ratio of ordinary garlands made from the cv. ‘Solan Shringar’. In comparison, the B:C ratio after selling loose flowers of the same cultivar was low. Based on these findings, it was concluded that, for maximizing profits under North-Indian conditions, cv. ‘Solan Shringar’ is recommended for loose flower production.
Tulsi Saran Ghimiray*1, Biswajit Majumdar2 and Sourav Man2
1Regional Research Station (Hill Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalimpong-734301, WB, India. 2Central Instrumentation Centre and Quality Control Laboratory, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari-736165, WB, India. 3Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, F/ Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari-736165, WB, India. Corresponding e-mail: tulsi@ubkv.ac.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.43
Key words: Dalle Khursani, polyploid capsicum, capsaicin content, pungency, HPLC
Abstract: Dalle Khursani, a unique landrace of Capsicum sp specific to the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya in India, is highly valued for its pungency. The present study evaluated the capsaicin content and pungency levels of seven accessions collected from diverse altitudinal locations. The concentration of capsaicin varied between 19.05 mg/g to 28.54 mg/g, with corresponding Scoville Heat Units (SHU) ranging from 304,863 to 456,636. The results indicated the presence of significant variations for pungency within the accessions of Dalle Khursani, which may be attributed to genetic factors with the micro-climatic factors, soil composition and water availability contributing to pungency. This study fills critical research gaps with the first quantitative evaluation of capsaicin content and pungency and identified accessions such as DK-02 and DK-03 as superior in capsaicin content, making them potential candidates for further selection and genetic improvement.
K. Divya1, J. Rajender2*, P. Lokesh Babu3, V. Ramya1 and Pushpavalli Snclv1
1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. 2BJR Agriculture college, PJTSAU, Sircilla, Telangana. 3Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India. Corresponding e-mail: jraj.ra0680@gmail.com
Abstract: Tomato bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas species, a major concern leading to 22-44% yield losses and reduced market value in warm, humid conditions, prompted this study to investigate the disease incidence, phenotypic traits, and species profile of Xanthomonas strains in Telangana’s major tomato-growing areas. The percent disease index (PDI) of BLS ranged from 14.7% to 72.5% in the surveyed tomato fields. A total of 22 Xanthomonas strains were isolated, of which 45.45% (10 out of 22) demonstrated the ability to utilize starch and pectin. All isolates were pathogenic to tomato and were identified as X. euvesicatoria through cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics. In vitro evaluations of bio-control agents revealed high sensitivity of the Xanthomonas isolates to Bacillus subtilis strains. Additionally, streptomycin-resistant strains were identified, underscoring the need for effective control measures to manage the disease and prevent the spread of streptomycin resistance.
S. Kaur1, S. Sharma1*, A. Kumar2*, A. Kumar3, R. Gehlot2 and V. Arya4
1School of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Regional Institute of Management and Technology, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, 147301 India. 2Centre of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India. 3Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India, 4Department of Vocational Studies and Skill Development, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema 797106, Nagaland. Corresponding e-mail: ankitnagpal1995@gmail.com
Abstract: The present investigation explores the application of starch-lipid composites to enhance the shelf life and maintain the nutritional quality of jujube fruits. The research investigates the efficacy of different concentrations of starch solutions (0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.3 %) combined with various edible oils (olive oil, mustard oil, and soybean oil) in preserving the physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of jujube during a 12-day storage period. Various parameters, i.e., physiological loss in weight, decay percentage, moisture content, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, TSS/acid ratio, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, and total chlorophyll content, were evaluated. The results demonstrate that starch-lipid composite coatings significantly reduce physiological weight loss, decay, and moisture loss. Furthermore, these coatings preserve acidity, total soluble solids, and sugars in the fruit, along with retaining ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content. The study suggests that such edible coatings could be a valuable strategy to mitigate post-harvest losses, enhance shelf life, and maintain the nutritional quality of Indian jujube fruits.
K. Manonmani* and M. Ayyandurai
Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai – 625 104, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: manonmani.k@tnau.ac.in
Abstract: Avocado, a vital nutritious fruit crop, faces significant threats from various pests and diseases, with Botryosphaeria spp. emerging as a serious postharvest pathogen affecting nursery and field conditions. This pathogen was isolated from infected avocado fruits, while Trichoderma species were isolated from the avocado rhizosphere. Evaluation of Trichoderma VOCs against Botryosphaeria scharifii SE(TKD)-7 using a paired plate assay revealed substantial inhibition of pathogen mycelial growth. Trichoderma isolates T(MP)-7 and T(PD)-2 exhibited reduced mycelial growth of 2.4 cm and 3.2 cm, respectively, compared to the control, representing percent inhibitions of 73.33% and 64.44%, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated alterations in Botryosphaeria mycelium caused by Trichoderma VOCs, resulting in shorter and abnormal mycelium and the absence of spore production. Moreover, GC-MS analysis identified various antifungal compounds in Trichoderma VOCs, including octane, oxirane, hexanediol, oxalic acid, and pentane-1-ol, highlighting their biocontrol potential against fungal pathogens. These findings underscore the efficacy of Trichoderma VOCs in inhibiting pathogen growth and suggest their potential application in plant disease management strategies.
Asma Arab, Mahdi Alizadeh* and Esmaeil Seifi
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran. Corresponding e-mail: mahdializadeh@gau.ac.ir
Abstract: In the past decade, numerous grape genotypes have been introduced to Iran, many showing desirable traits and adapting well to the region. However, their mass propagation is limited due to their non-native status and the challenges of traditional methods. This research explored single-node cuttings (SNCs) for grapevine propagation as an alternative and compared its effectiveness to traditional hardwood cutting (HWC) techniques. The Perlette and Fakhri grape cultivars were selected and both traditional HWCs (25 cm length, 4-5 nodes) and SNCs (5 cm length, just a single node) were procured from dormant canes. The cuttings were subjected to IBA and inserted into two different rooting substrates in a greenhouse fitted with a misting system. The comparative rooting attributes were measured in both techniques. Both cuttings showed high rooting percentages (more than 95 percent), but the SNC method yielded more plants per square meter. The SNCs planted horizontally rooted earlier and more effectively. While the rooting substrate didn’t significantly impact rooting success, the perlite and coco peat mixture (6:1) was easier to manage for SNCs. Overall, we recommend the SNC approach as a creative, quick, cost-effective and efficient method for grapevine mass propagation.
B. Nova1, F.R.M. Bagus2, L. Syukriani2, and J. Jamsari2,3*
1Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia. 2Department of Agrotechnology, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia. 3Graduate School of Biotechnology, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: jamsari@agr.unand.ac.id
Abstract: Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) has been demonstrated as a key regulator of protein translation in vivo and it participates in plant defense mechanisms against viral pathogens. In this study, we examined the genetic variation within a local pepper variant (Capsicum annuum) called Cabai Berangkai (CB), which is characterized by the eIF4E gene. DNA isolation and sequencing of the eIF4E gene were performed, followed by comparative analysis with four reference cultivars: Doux Long Des, Landes (DDL), Yolo Wonder (YW), FloridaVR2 (F), Yolo Y (YY). We detected significant allelic variation in the eIF4E gene of CB with unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results showed that comparison of the amino acids sequence of the eIF4E gene indicates high allele variation with the reference cultivars. CB also showed a unique amino acid substitution in the eIF4E protein among the different strains, possibly indicating genetic differentiation. These findings aid in understanding pepper genetics and are particularly relevant to the potential exploitation of diversity of eIF4E through breeding programs seeking increased viral resistance.
1Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria. 2Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria. 3Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria. 4Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria. Corresponding e-mail: chidinmaonoh@ymail.com
Abstract: This research demonstrated the possibility of growing and producing Gongronema latifolium using various substrate mixes and pinching regimes. The greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Research and Teaching Farm of the School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria, during the 2023 late-season farming period. The experiment followed a 4 x 3 factorial design in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and was replicated thrice. The factors were four substrate mixes (sawdust/poultry manure/biochar mix in the ratios of 3:2:0, 3:2:1, 3:2:2, and 3:2:3) and three pinching regimes (2, 4, and 6 weeks after transplanting). The substrates (sawdust, poultry manure, and ground biochar) were procured, composted, and cured for 2 weeks before mixing. The measurements were made in volume (v:v:v:v). The substrate mix was introduced into perforated black polybags of 11 cm x 13 cm size and 1 mm thickness. The filled polybags were watered and allowed 2 days for thoroughly binding the substrate mix. Seedlings from the nursery trays were then transplanted into the polybags filled with the substrate mix. Seedlings transplanted at 6 weeks of age were pinched with fingernails at the tip of the plant below the second leaf at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after transplanting, as per the experimental design. Staking, water application, and weeding were carried out at appropriate times. Data on growth and biomass production were collected. Growth and biomass production results showed significant (P<0.05) differences. Substrate mixes of 3:2:3 and 3:2:2 optimally improved growth and biomass production (number of leaves, leaf area, vine length, branches, and fresh and dry shoot weight). Pinching regimes at 4 and 6 weeks produced more leaves and branches, resulting in a larger quantity of fresh and dry shoot biomass of G. latifolium. Furthermore, the interactions of 3:2:3 + 6 weeks and 3:2:2 + 4 weeks recorded optimal leaves and fresh and dry biomass yields. As shoots and leaves are the economically significant components of the plant, pinching regimes at 4 and 6 weeks and the 3:2:3 + 6 weeks and 3:2:2 + 4 weeks are advised for farmer adoption. This method can increase vegetable output and assist in lowering world poverty.
1Department of Vegetable and Spice Crops, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar-736165, India. 2Department of Plantation Crops and Processing, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar-736165, India. Corresponding e-mail: safalrai93@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.50
Key words: Bell pepper, capsicum, growing environment, arecanut shade, open field
Abstract: Bell pepper is commonly produced in protected conditions with constraints. To study alternatives to shaded structures, this experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, during the rabi season of 2022-23 with two growing environments, i.e., arecanut shade (G1) and open field (G2) (as factor A), while five varieties—California Wonder (V1), Pusa Capsicum - 1 (KTPC -1) (V2), VLCP 2016-57 (V3), KTOC -1 (V4), and KTYC - 17 (V5)—were taken as factor B, laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Following comparable agronomic techniques in G1 and G2, growth, yield, and quality metrics were measured for the five varieties. The results substantiated that shade had a positive influence on bell pepper, as most parameters—such as plant height (26.32 cm, 36.96 cm, and 63.17 cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively); internode length (2.72 cm, 4.61 cm, and 6.58 cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively); days to first flowering (53.78 DAT); number of flowers per plant (18.28); number of fruits per plant (10.37); fruit length (6.57 cm); fruit width (5.74 cm); pericarp thickness (4.75 mm); average fruit Regarding the varieties, California Wonder (V1) reported better results for a few parameters: days to first flowering (52.30 DAT), number of flowers per plant (19.75), and number of fruits per plant (10.55). However, for most yield-attributing parameters—such as fruit length (7.17 cm), pericarp thickness (4.68 mm), average fruit weight (98.00 g), and fruit yield per plant (0.81 g)—the variety KTOC- 1 (V4) outperformed. The efficient utilization of natural resources under arecanut shade may have favored bell pepper productivity. However, the variety KTOC-1 as an intercrop would be the most appropriate choice for the Terai region of West Bengal.
Ranjit Singh, Ashna Acharya*and Parminder Singh
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab -141004, India. Corresponding e-mail: ashnaacharya1997@gmail.com
Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of eight tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L) varieties, namely Royal Virgin, Christmas Dream, Tom Pouce, Strong Gold, Apeldoorn, Lalibela, Purple Prince and Attila Graffiti, in open-field under subtropical conditions of Punjab. Variety Royal Virgin took significantly less number of days to sprout (43.00 days) along with early flowering (77.22 days), followed by Christmas Dream and Lalibela taking (47.11, 81.00) and (49.22, 81.11) days, respectively. Lalibela had the highest sprouting percentage (100%), flowering percentage (100%), and blossom length (32.33 days), followed by Christmas Dream and Royal Virgin, respectively. Royal Virgin had the maximum leaves (4.22), and the largest flower diameter (7.75 cm). The highest values for plant height (35.00 cm) and scape length (30.89 cm) were observed in Lalibela. Further, the Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed and a dendrogram was constructed with three clusters. HCA supported our results as Royal Virgin, Christmas Dream and Lalibela were grouped in cluster I with minimum days to sprouting and flowering along with maximum sprouting and flowering percentage, flower duration, plant height, scape length, number of leaves and desirable bulb traits. Based on the overall performance, Royal Virgin, Christmas Dream and Lalibela varieties were found promising under agro-climactic conditions of Punjab.
Natasha Gurung1*, Om Prakash Awasthi2, Sujit Sarkar1 and Sajeed Ali3
1ICAR-IARI Regional Station Kalimpong-734301. 2ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012. 3UBKV, RRS, Hill Zone, Kalimpong-734301. Corresponding e-mail: natashagurung23@gmail.com
Abstract: An experiment was carried out to study the influence of three commercial rootstocks, i.e., Rangpur Lime, Rough Lemon and Trifoliate Orange on the growth characteristics, grafting success, biochemical and nutrient accumulation in the leaves of Darjeeling mandarin. Data were collected 180 days after grafting for growth parameters and one year after grafting for biochemical and nutrient accumulation by the scion of Darjeeling mandarin. The results revealed significant variation across the rootstocks under study. Rough lemon recorded the highest grafting success (91.25 %) followed by Rangpur lime (87.50 %). In terms of growth parameters rough lemon demonstrated the highest rootstock length (22.26 cm), scion length (11.72 cm), and leaf area (39.59 cm²). Darjeeling mandarin was recorded highest starch content (2.9 mg/g), total sugar (1.31 mg/g), total protein (3.98 mg/g), and total phenol content (0.941mg/g). Higher proline content (1.9 mg/g) in rough lemon indicates a high stress tolerance. Trifoliate Orange recorded the lowest scion length (4.87 cm), leaf area (17.92 cm²) and total sugar content (0.89 mg/g). Concerning macronutrient and micronutrient accumulation, Rangpur Lime recorded the highest calcium (2.35 %), magnesium (0.42%) and iron content (149.8 %). Thus, the findings revealed that Rough Lemon and Rangpur Lime are the most promising rootstocks for improving growth, nutrient uptake, and biochemical traits of Darjeeling Mandarin, making them ideal rootstocks for commercial propagation on Darjeeling mandarin.
Gomez Saji*, Prasad Patil, Jacob Sharon, C.V. Sruthi and Bintu Kuruvila
Department of Postharvest Management, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, India-680656. Corresponding e-mail: saji.gomez@kau.in
Abstract: Despite being the largest fruit in the world, huge quantities of jackfruit are wasted in almost all jackfruit-growing countries. Post-harvest handling and market gluts are some of the bottlenecks posing challenges in the value chain. Tender jackfruit is widely consumed for its culinary applications to prepare various dishes owing to the meat like texture. About 60 % of tender jackfruit is comprised of inedible portions. When minimally processed, it becomes 100 % edible, adds convenience and can be prepared and consumed in less time. The present study evaluated the impact of antioxidants ascorbic and citric acids in combination with the antimicrobial compound sodium benzoate, packaging of the product in LDPE and PP over-wrapped with cling film, followed by storage at ambient and low temperatures. The pretreatments and packaging materials effectively prolonged the shelf life of minimally processed jackfruit by up to nine days when stored at low temperatures. The protocol adopted was effective in quality maintenance in terms of PLW, ascorbic acid, total carbohydrates, total phenols and retarded proliferation of bacteria, mould and yeast. E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus could not be detected throughout the storage period.
Harshit Mishra1*, Supriya1, Narendra Kumar Gupta2, Ankit Kumar Tiwari1 and Deep Chand Nishad1
1Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) – 224 229, India. 2Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Sciences, Sultanpur (U.P.) – 228 118, India. Corresponding e-mail: wehars@gmail.com.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.55
Key words: Bitter Gourd, Cobb-Douglas, farm business income, production, profitability, resource use efficiency
Abstract: This study aimed to assess the profitability and resource use efficiency of bitter gourd production during the agricultural year 2021-22 in Sultanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. A multistage stratified purposive cum random sampling technique was employed to select the district, block, villages, and respondents. A pre-tested questionnaire collected primary data and information from 100 bitter gourd-producing farmers. These farmers were classified into 66 marginal, 23 small, and 11 medium categories, selected from five villages in the Dubeypur block of Sultanpur district. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed to estimate resource use efficiency and analyse the functional relationship between inputs and output. The t-test was used to examine the significance of factor elasticities, while the F-test was applied to test the significance of the R2. The findings of the study revealed that the return to scale in bitter gourd production was increasing, indicating the potential for further investment in variable inputs to optimize income. Moreover, the Marginal Value Product was greater than one in most cases, indicating favourable prospects for investment. Aggregate measures calculated for financial efficiency indicated that marginal farms yielded higher profitability than small and medium farms. This demonstrates the comparative advantage of marginal farms regarding farm business income. The study highlights the importance of resource allocation and investment decisions for enhancing profitability in bitter gourd production.
S.C. Ravi1, T. Damodaran1*, M. Muthukumar1, Maneesh Mishra1, Shailendra Rajan1, Ram Gopal2, Alok Shukla1 and Prasenjit Debnath1
1ICAR- Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow (U.P.) – 226101.2Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, (U.P.) -224229. Corresponding e-mail:damhort73@gmail.com
Abstract: India is the largest banana producer in the world, with a production of 36.61 million tons and Grand Naine is the leading variety cultivated. However, Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), poses a significant challenge to this industry. The disease in India was first reported during 2017 in Uttar Pradesh further the disease has spread to other banana growing states like Bihar, Karnataka jeopardizing both commercial and subsistence farming. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of ICAR FUSICONT a bio-pesticide for managing Fusarium wilt on yield and economics in two cultivars viz., Grand Naine and Elakki. We used economic surplus method assuming closed economy model to assess the returns to research investment. The performance of ICAR FUSICONT led to significant improvements in yield and net returns. ICAR FUSICONT technology has been adopted in an area spanning 8,550 hectares. In Elakki banana, the yield increased by 8.25 t/ha in Karnataka, while the incremental yield was about 16.5 t/ha in Grand Naine variety in UP and Bihar. The farmers who adopted the technology witnessed a twofold increase in the net returns while the returns per rupee of expenditure increased from 1.30-1.34 to 1.78-1.85. Stepwise dummy variable regression indicated a substantial increase in net returns with adopting FUSICONT technology (Rs. 2,36,824 per ha). The total producer’s surplus generated by the technology was Rs. 210 crores and Rs. 94 crores for consumers, leading to a total economic surplus of Rs. 304 crores. In the era of increased threat caused by Foc TR4, the widespread adoption of the technology must ensure sustainability in banana cultivation and protect the producers' livelihood.
Warheel Ali1*, Nizar Mohammed2, Zeinab Younis3, Pashtiwan Zeebaree1 and Mohammed Qasim1
1Duhok Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. 2Akre University for Applied Sciences, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. 3Erbil Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.Corresponding e-mail: warheel.nadir@dpu.edu.krd
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.57
Key words: Paulownia plants, NPK, cytokinin, and gibberellic acid, GA3
Abstract: The investigation sought to examine the effects of nano NPK, cytokinin, and GA3 on the growth and chemical composition of Paulownia tree seedlings. The experiment comprised three treatments: Nano NPK at concentrations of 0 and 6 g L-1, applied monthly from April to September; cytokinin at concentrations of 0, 100, and 200 mg L-1, applied thrice in March, July, and September; and GA3 at concentrations of 0, 200, and 400 mg L-1, applied biannually in May and August. Plant sprayed with 6 g L-1 Nano NPK increased all vegetative and chemical parameters compared with control. Furthermore, plants sprayed with 200 mg L-1 cytokinin increase plant height to 96.67 cm, leaves number 31.22 leaf plant-1, stem diameter 5.56 cm, leaves area 277.83 cm2, nitrogen content in leaves 1.65 %, and total carbohydrate in leaves 8.94 % compared with control. In contrast, the plants sprayed with 400 mg L-1 GA3 plant height increased to 92.11 cm, leaves number 29.50 leaf plant-1, leaves area 257.90 cm2, nitrogen and phosphorus content in leaves 1.77- 2.80 %, and total carbohydrate in leaves 8.30 %. Nonetheless, plants treated with 200 mg L-1 GA3 exhibited an increase in total chlorophyll content in leaves to 24.40 mg g-1 fresh weight in comparison to the control group. Further investigation is necessary to ascertain whether higher concentrations than those employed in this study may produce better outcomes.
El-Saady Mohamed Badawy, Mohamed Abdel-Khalik El-Khateeb and Adel A. Mahmoud
Abstract: Zinnia elegans, a widely utilized flowering plant for pots, cut flowers, bouquets, and gardens, necessitates macro- and micro-nutrients for optimal growth, development, and flowering. This study, conducted in 2023 and 2024, aimed to enhance the plant's growth and flowering response through foliar applications of Nano-NPK, Nano-micronutrients, and their combination.The results indicated that all treatments significantly affected the plant growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights and root length) compared to control. In most cases, spraying with Nano-NPK 4 mL/L, and NPK + Nano fmicro-elements (4 mL/L ) increased the plant height, formation of leaves and branches per plant, the weights of the leaves, stem thickness to the highestvalues and exhibited the longest roots. The impact of nano fertilizers on flowering revealed that the highest number of flowering heads was recorded in plants treated with Nano-NPK + Nano-micro 2 and 4 mL/L and the largest flowering head size with Nano-NPK+ Nano-micro 4 mL/L. The Nano treatments significantly increased the fresh weight of flowers, especially with the mixture of Nano-NPK + Nano-micro at 4 mL/ L. Compared to the control, using of Nano fertilizers significantly increased all the flowering parameters. All the Nano-treatments significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll-a, b and total chlorophyll, and carbohydrates. The highest contents were obtained with Nano-NPK + micro-elements 4mL/ L and Nano-NPK at 4 mL/L alone.
Maisha Majid Mukta1,2, Md. Farhad Hossain3, Paroma Arefin1 and Salma Ahmed1*
1Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. 2Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. 3Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh. Corresponding e-mail: salmaifst@yahoo.com
Abstract: This study examined the nutritional composition and the antioxidant properties of unripe papaya (Carica papaya L. var BARI Papaya-1) peel powder which could be an ideal functional food source to be incorporated into food products in the future. From the analysis, it showed that the peel powder is rich in nutrients containing protein (10.51%), crude fiber (15.58%), moisture (9.41%), ash (6.33%), carbohydrate (57.07%) and energy ( 280.24 kcal/100 g ). It further revealed substantial content of bioactive vitamins with antioxidant activity, such as vitamin C (60.6 mg/100 g), ?-carotene (2952.08 µg/100 g), and vitamin A (246.01 RE/100 g). The results indicated that the peel powder had total phenolic content (1216.75 mg GAE/100 g DW), total flavonoid content (158 mg QE/100 g DW), and excellent total antioxidant activity (161.75 mg/100 g DW). The free radical scavenging ability was remarkably higher in peel powder in particular, with the highest DPPH radical inhibition of 74.41% obtained from the 80% methanolic extract of peel powder. Thus, these results indicate that the unripe peel powder of papaya can be used as a potential source of nutrients and antioxidants for health-promoting food and nutraceutical applications.
1Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India. 2Government Agriculture College, Tijara, Alwar, Rajasthan, 301411, India. 3Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Uttarakhand, 246174, India. Corresponding e-mail: deven.26212@lpu.co.in
Abstract: Growing potatoes in grow bags is a technique for solving space constraints, especially in urban and small-scale agricultural environments. By improving root development, increasing aeration, and making harvesting easier, the grow bags provide the conditions for the best possible potato growth. In urban and peri-urban regions, where access to large land parcels is often limited, this approach is very helpful. The study evaluated the growth and yield parameters of different potato varieties in grow bags that grow well in North Indian Plains. These varieties were grown in the poly grow bags with the growing mixture of soil, vermicompost and cocopeat (4:3:1). All the bags had the same soil mixture. The findings revealed that the Kufri Chandramukhi gave the highest yield (1037.50 g/bag) in the grow bags, followed by Diamond (908.26 g/bag) in the same soil mixture under Punjab conditions. Kufri Chandramukhi also had the highest plant height (29.41 cm), haulm girth (6.50 mm) and number of haulms (4.90). It adapted successfully in the constrained environment without any incidence of insect pests or any disease. The soil mixture used for the production of potato was helpful by increasing the tuber yield and decreasing the irrigation intervals.
Asrar Y. Mohamad1, Taghreed E. Eissa2*, Evon A. Khella2. M.A. Barsoom2 and M.A.A. Ahmed3,4*
1Manufacturing Engineering and Food Packaging Research Department, Food Technology, Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. 2Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Department, Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. 3Plant Production Department (Horticulture - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt. 4National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding/Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, Hainan, China. Corresponding e-mail: dr.taghreed.eissa.2019@gmail.com; drmohamedmarey19@alexu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.61
Key words: Active packaging, cold storage, high carbon dioxide, gypsophila, modified atmosphere packages storage, relative fresh weight, water uptake
Abstract: Gypsophila paniculata L. 'Bristol Fairy' flowers have a high economic value in the floriculture industry because they are used as cut flowers, decorations and potted plants. Their lifespan is critical in determining quality, market value, and customer satisfaction. This study, carried out at the Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Giza, Egypt, looked into the effects of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the postharvest quality of cut Gypsophila flowers during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. The following compositions of gases were examined: passive-MAP (78.97 N2, 0.03 CO2, and 21% O2), MAP1 (90 N2, 5 CO2, and 5% O2), MAP2 (85 N2, 10 CO2, and 5% O2), MAP3 (80 N2, 15 CO2, and 5% O2) and control (unpacked cut flowers). The findings demonstrated that MAP2 and polyethene bags significantly enhanced water absorption, fresh weight, carbohydrate production, and appearance quality. The average storage life of Gypsophila flowers under passive MAP was 19.07 days, with the longest being 29.42 days with MAP2 and polyethylene bags.
R.G. Somkuwar1, Nilima Gobade1, A.K. Sharma1, Pradip Kakade1, P.S Gharate2 and P.S. Karande3
1ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, P. B. No. 3, Manjri Farm Post, Solapur Road, Pune-412307 (Maharashtra), India. 2Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413722 (Maharashtra), India. 3Department of Horticulture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani-431402 (Maharashtra), India. Corresponding e-mail: rgsgrapes@gmail.com
Abstract: Fifteen different grape varieties were evaluated for raisin making and raisin quality. The highest raisin recovery was observed in Clone 2A as compared to other varieties in this study. Amongst the different varieties, TSS ranged from 22.30 °B in AH-2-8 to Manjari Kishmish and Clone 2A with 23.60 °B TSS. The highest reducing sugar content in fresh berries and raisins was recorded in the Rieber variety. The highest protein content in fresh berries and raisin was recorded in Sundekhani and Merbein Seeded. However, the highest phenol concentration was found in Manjari Kishmish and Convert Large Black. The maximum carbohydrate was higher in Red Muscat and Athens. The variety Clone 2A was found better for higher raisin recovery and can be a potential variety in grape growing regions for raisin purposes.
S. Vishnu Shankar1,3, Ashu Chandel1, C. Nandhini2, Adit Kumar Yadav1 and Pranchal Gupta1
1Department of Basic Sciences, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (HP), India. 2Department of Social Sciences, Kumaraguru Institute of Agriculture, Erode (TN), India. 3Department of Physical Science & Information Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (TN), India. Corresponding e-mail: s.vishnushankar55@gmail.com
Abstract: India ranks as the second-largest country in land area and garlic production globally, following China. The study attempted to investigate the price transmission of garlic between the major north Indian markets of India. Attempts were also taken to determine the extent of integration between the markets. The Granger causality test confirmed the presence of bidirectional and unidirectional relationships between markets such as Chandigarh, Delhi, Dehradun, and Shimla. The results showed that garlic price in Shimla mostly depend on the price in neighbouring markets. Both tests of Johansen cointegration confirmed the presence of long-run relationships among the markets. The vector error correction model revealed a positive relationship between Chandigarh - Delhi, and Chandigarh - Shimla markets. Chandigarh and Dehradun markets achieved short-term equilibrium quickly, while the Shimla market attained it more slowly. No short-run equilibrium was observed in the Delhi market. This research will help to understand the interdependencies and equilibrium dynamics among garlic markets, offering insights for market participants and policymakers.
Priyanka Kumari1,2, Thupten Tsomu2*, Anil K. Singh1, Ram Preet Singh4, Bilin Maying4 and Ampee Tasung4
1Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh-791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India. 3College of Horticulture and Forestry, Pasighat-791102, Arunachal Pradesh, India. 4ICAR, NEH region, Basar 791101- Arunachal Pradesh, India. Corresponding e-mail: thupten.tsomu@rgu.ac.in
Abstract: A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of salicylic acid and kinetin on morpho-physiological, floral dynamics, and seed yield in salvia (Salvia splendens) at Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India during 2021-22. A randomized block design (RBD) with three replications was used in the experiment. The treatments consisted of varying concentrations of salicylic acid (10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, and 40 ppm) and kinetin (5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, and 20 ppm) and a control of water spray only. Vegetative growth, flowering, and seed yield parameters were observed at 60 and 90 days after treatment (DAT). The ornamental value of plants was determined largely by plant growth regulators. Results showed that a 15 ppm kinetin spray enhanced plant height (75.34 cm) and plant spread (48.91 cm) at 90 DAT. Salicylic acid at 20 ppm gave the highest number of flower spikes per plant (93.33), number of flowers per plant (1746.00) and fresh weight of flowers (3.57 g). In addition, seed yield per plant (17.39 g) and test weight (2.94 g) were highest at 20 ppm salicylic acid. This study will help researchers understand how kinetin and salicylic acid affect plant growth.
M.P. Faisal1, C.N. Biju2, A.M. Sujatha1, R. Gowri1 and S.J. Ankegowda1
1ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Regional Station, Appangala, Madikeri - 571 201, India. 2ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala - Kerala - 673 012, India. Corresponding e-mail: faisal.tnau@gmail.com , mohammedfaisal@spices.res.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i01.23
Key words: Lesion area, RAPD, ISSR, SSR, Colletotrichumgloeosporioides, small cardamom
Abstract: Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) is one of the most important spice crops in India, cultivated for its economic, culinary and medicinal values. Leaf blight incited by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a serious threat to the cultivation of cardamom in India. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize the pathogen both morphologically and on molecular basis. Significant variations were observed in twenty isolates for conidial dimensions, the length of conidia ranged from 7.8-21.5 ?m. The width of the conidia ranged from 3.3 to 7.8 ?m. Isolate CD14 recorded the highest width of conidium (7.8 ?m) and the lowest width was observed in CD8 isolate (3.3 ?m). Variation was also observed in size and lobes, length and width of appressoria produced by the pathogen. Differential reaction of isolates to three varieties revealed that CD5, CD8 and CD7 are highly virulent based on lesion area. Molecular characterization with RAPD, SSR and ISSR primers showed that RAPD and SSR markers are not linked to any characters of pathogen but ISSR primers showed linkage to the virulence of the pathogen.
T. Thakur1*, J. Kaur1, K.K. Dhatt1 and G. Nazir2
1Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India-141004. 2Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India-141004. Corresponding e-mail: tanyathakurflori@gmail.com
Abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate five basal doses of silicon (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 as SiO2) along with four foliar sprays at 3rd and 6th leaf stages (water spray, 1, 2 and 3% as SiO2) on floricultural traits and leaf nutrient content in gladiolus cv. White Prosperity. The synergetic effect of silicon on the vegetative growth and floricultural traits was noticed as the dose was increased under both methods of application; however, more beneficial effect was recorded under the basal method of application. Basal silicon application at 100 kg ha-1 recorded the earliest spike emergence and flowering (101.68 and 122.42 days) along with maximum plant height (103.91 cm), spike length (79.88 cm), spike weight (15.51 g), vase life (8.75 days) and silicon content (2.04%). Foliar spray at 3% resulted in early spike emergence and flowering (101.53 and 122.28 days) along with maximum plant height (99.33 cm), spike length (82.18 cm), floret size (9.73 cm), spike weight (15.51 g) and silicon content (1.88%). Despite the positive effect of the singular application of silicon, the combined application of soil and foliar method exhibited the most inductive effect on all observed parameters. Silicon application at lower rates improved Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn content in leaves and vice-versa. Hence, it was concluded that silicon fertilization at 100 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of 3% at 3rd and 6th leaf stage in gladiolus can be considered a production technology of great importance for promoting floricultural traits and nutrient content in gladiolus.
S. Rathinavel*, R. Kavitha, A. Surendrakumar, Ravuri Saiprasanth and M. Suwathiga,
Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, India. Corresponding e-mail: rathinavelesr@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i01.25
Key words: Coconut farming, logistics, machine vision, robotics, model
Abstract: The study aimed to develop and analyze a machine vision system for real-time coconut detection to enhance robotic harvesting and collection. Images of healthy and defective coconuts, both green and brown, were captured from Coimbatore and Tirupur districts in Tamil Nadu. These images were processed using a Faster R-CNN model integrated with necessary hardware and software. The system successfully identified the class and grade of coconuts, demonstrating potential applications in robotic harvesting and grading. The model achieved 88% precision and 85% accuracy. Limitations and proposed solutions for the system’s operation are discussed with recommendations for operation-specific measures to improve future robotic developments.
1ICAR -Central Institute of Post -Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana -141004, India. 2Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India. 3ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. Corresponding e-mail: poonam@icar.gov.in
Abstract: This study shows the effect of harvesting stage and storage on the changes in weight, volume, dimensions, peel firmness, beta carotene, and color values for Dashehari and ‘Banganapalli’ cultivars. The percentage weight loss and volume loss increased with the storage period and harvesting stage and the maximum decrease was reported in the late harvested fruits of both cultivars. The color parameters (L, a, b) also increased with an increase in the storage period and harvesting stage. The size and sphericity of mangoes decreased due to shrinkage and water loss during the storage period. The maximum reduction in size and sphericity was observed in fruits harvested at the early stage. The fruit diameter, sphericity and overall acceptability were recorded maximum in the mid-stage harvested ‘Dashehari’ mangoes. The peel firmness of the fruits decreased during the storage and was observed maximum in early harvested fruits. The amount of ?-carotene content was reported highest during storage in the late harvested ‘Dashehari’ mangoes. These specific parameters could predict the ideal harvesting and storage time for mangoes.
Priti Sharma1, 2, Maneesh Mishra2, Shailendra Rajan2, T. Damodaran2* and Mala Trivedi1*
1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India. 2ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Kakori, Lucknow-226101, India. Corresponding e-mail: t.damodaran@icar.gov.in; mtrivedi@lko.amity.edu
Abstract: This study explores the use of polypropylene (PP) bags as an innovative alternative to traditional pro-trays in the hardening process of tissue-cultured banana plants. The goal was to reduce the high mortality rates typically seen during acclimatization and improve the growth parameters such as plant height, leaf number, shoot girth, leaf area, root development, and overall biomass. The study compared the performance of banana plants toughened in polypropylene (PP) bags versus pro-trays during primary acclimatization. The results revealed that PP bags significantly lowered mortality rates from 5-8% to 2-3%, resulting in improved plant survival. The better results are attributable to the innate nature of PP bags to maintain high humidity and micro-environmental conditions, which reduces energy inputs and improves plant acclimatization. In addition to increasing plant life and growth, PP bags were shown to be more cost-effective and environment friendly. About 22.27% of overall cost savings were obtained using poly bags. Their flexibility, endurance, lower shipping cost, and one-step acclimatization make it the material of choice. Overall, this study shows that polypropylene bags are a realistic and preferable option for hardening tissue-cultured banana plants, with considerable advantages in terms of efficiency, cost, and environmental effect. This method has the potential to boost banana production on an industrial scale and might be applied to other tissue-cultured crops as it reduces transportation costs. Further research could look into the scalability and wider applicability of this technique across multiple crops and production environments.
Sarmistha Sahoo1,3, Sushree Suparna Mahapatra1*, Manasranjan Rout1 and Bhagyashree Khamari2
1Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Siksha ‘o’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India. 2College of Horticulture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Chiplima, Sambalpur, 768025, India. 3Department of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, GIET University, Odisha, Gunupur. Rayagada, Odisha. India. Corresponding e-mail: sushreesuparnamahapatra@soa.ac.in
Abstract: Crown rot disease in banana caused by the fungus Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis and Lasiodiplodia theobromae is one of the major post-harvest diseases causing a massive loss in the economic yield of banana. Isolates of Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis and Lasiodiplodia theobromae were isolated from infected fruits and were characterized based on their morphological and molecular characteristics. The isolates produced mustard seed-like pycnidia with conidia after 15 days after inoculation (DAI) and chlamydospore was observed after 16 DAI. The immature conidia were hyaline, aseptate, thin-walled and cylindrical to sub-ovoid in shape which became brown with central transverse septum at maturity. The isolates were sequenced and submitted in NCBI gene bank and were assigned with accession no. OQ921841 and OR764951. Further, the evolutionary relationships of the pathogen isolates were studied concerning different related genera and species of Lasiodiplodia.
R.Thiyagarajan*, S. Thambidurai and P.Kamaraj
Department of Farm Machinery & Power Engineering, Agricultural Engineering College & Research Institute, TNAU, Kumulur-621 712, Trichy District, Tamil Nadu. Corresponding e-mail: thiyagarajanmtech@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i01.04
Key words: Hydraulic ladder, coconut harvesting, orchard, spraying, hydraulic motor
Abstract: The high labor requirements and inherent risk of traditional harvesting and pruning of tall trees like coconut and mango make them difficult to harvest and prune. Mechanized machines do exist, but they are too heavy, too expensive, and unsuitable for Indian marginal farmers with small landholdings, which reduces productivity, efficiency, and worker safety. A tractor-mounted hydraulic ladder was evaluated for harvesting coconut and mango under field conditions to address these challenges. The ladder can rotate 360 degrees and covers up to four trees with simple directional control. Trees up to 12 meters tall can be harvested, pruned, and sprayed. Harvesting efficiencies of 75-81% for coconut and 76-80% for mango were recorded in field evaluations. Operational costs for coconut are Rs. 439 per hour and Rs. 530 per h for mango, and the ladder can harvest 7-9 coconut trees per hour. This system offers a feasible, low-cost solution for small and marginal farmers who struggle with the use of traditional and expensive machinery.
L.K. Akilan1*, T. Anuradha1, K.B. Soni1, Swapna Alex1 and N. Krishna Radhika2
1Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, India; 2ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Corresponding e-mail: akilanbiotech14@gmail.com.
Abstract: Cassava is a starchy root crop used as food, feed and for industrial purposes. Antibiotic resistance genes are used as a marker for the selection of transformed cells from non-transformed cells in genetic engineering. The optimum concentration of selective antibiotics is crucial for the effective transformation and regeneration of transformed plants. The current study aimed to determine the optimal cytotoxic concentration of hygromycin for screening both transformed and non-transformed calli. The embryogenic calli were subjected to particle bombardment using the binary vector pCAMBIA 1305.1, which included the GUS reporter gene and the hptII gene. Hygromycin was added to the callus induction and regeneration medium at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L-1 concentrations to identify the optimal selective concentration. Results indicated that 50 mg L-1 of hygromycin inhibited non-transformed calli and maintained the health of transformed calli. This concentration provided a sufficient amount of selective pressure with minimal cytotoxic effects, thus serving as the optimal level for distinguishing transformed cells in the cassava genetic transformation system.
Sheren A. Atala, Noura A. Gad El-Rab, M. EL-M. Saad and M.A. Saleh
Postharvest and Handling of Vegetable Crops Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: alinora362@yahoo.com
Abstract: This study was carried out during the 2023 and 2024 seasons, to study the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), silica gel, 1-MCP + silica gel and KMnO4 + silica gel compared with control treatment on physical and chemical changes which may occur during mixed load of cantaloupe fruits cv. Primal Galia type and carrot roots cv. Laguna throughout storage at 5°C and 90-95 % relative humidity for 28 days. The results indicated that all treatments were superior to control treatment in maintaining quality attributes and extending the storability of fruits and roots. However, KMnO4 + silica gel was the most effective treatment in reducing weight loss, color change, O2 consumption, CO2 and ethylene production and maintaining the firmness and total soluble solids of fruits and roots. In addition, delaying the ripening of cantaloupe fruits, reducing the increase of total carotenoid content of fruits, reducing isocoumarin accumulation and gave carrot roots without any bitterness until the end of the storage period. Also, gave an excellent appearance and did not exhibit any changes in the appearance of fruits and roots until the end of the storage period. On the other hand, control treatment gave an unsalable appearance of fruits and roots at the end of storage.
R. Swamy Sekhar1* and S. Kundu2
1Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Anantharajupeta-516105, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Department of Fruit Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Corresponding e-mail ✉: swamysekhar88@gmail.com
Abstract: The genetic diversity of acid lime was analyzed across one hundred genotypes in twelve West Bengal districts, using 22 quantitative characters for characterization. The data was statistically processed for descriptive, hierarchical cluster, discriminate, correlation and principal component analysis. Descriptive analysis revealed a prominent variation in all quantitative characters among different lime collections, with wide variations recorded in eleven quantitative characters (fruit weight, rind thickness, vesicle length, juice weight, juice volume, juice percentage, number of seeds per fruit, seed weight, seed length, seed width and non-reducing sugars). Ward’s cluster analysis divided 100 lime genotypes into 5 clusters. Canonical discriminant function revealed that the major characters responsible for such clustering were fruit weight, vesicle length, seed length and seed width. PCA resulted in 9 components with a cumulative variance of 78.40 %. The biplot clarified the relation between genotypes and variables and the fruit characters distributed in the biplot contributed a considerable role to the differentiation of acid lime genotypes.
R. Hoque1,M. Kachari2*,S. Gogoi1 and I. Sarma1
1Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India. 2CHFSR, Nalbari, Assam Agricultural University, India. Corresponding e-mail: manisha.kachari@gmail.com
Abstract: Underutilized leafy vegetables are essential for a balanced human diet, offering vital micronutrients, vitamins and minerals, but they lack national or global recognition due to limited commercial exploration. This research aimed to standardize production techniques and ensure the availability of planting material for commercial cultivation. The experiment focused on three lesser-known leafy vegetables of Assam: Masundari, Pirali paleng, and Xoru manimuni, using treatments of N1: 1 node, N2: 3 nodes, N3: 5 nodes cutting size, and H1: distilled water, H2: 25 ppm, H3: 50 ppm, H4: 75 ppm IBA concentration to assess growth performance in both nursery and main field conditions. The results indicated that 5-node cuttings treated with 75 ppm IBA, followed by 50 ppm, showed the best growth performance in terms of rooting, growth, and yield parameters with the highest benefit-cost ratio, making this treatment highly effective for large-scale propagation and commercial cultivation.
Pooja Pahal1, Indu Arora1*, Vinod Kumar Batra1, Anil Kumar2, Renu Fandan1, Ravi Gautam1 and Sudesh1
1Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, CCS HAU, Hisar-125004, Haryana. 2Department of Nematology, College of Agriculture, CCS HAU, Hisar-125004, Haryana. Corresponding e-mail: induarora1984@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i01.08
Key words: Tomato grafting, fruit quality, rootstocks, root-knot nematode
Abstract: The experiment aimed to assess grafting effects on the tomato fruit quality in root-knot nematode-infested conditions in polytunnel cultivation. Three screened resistant brinjal rootstocks against nematode were used as rootstock for tomato grafting with three different scions viz. Hisar Arun, Arka Rakshak and Pusa Rohini. Different biochemical parameters were evaluated using the ripened fruits of tomato and the grafted plants had significantly increased T.S.S. content by 9.84 to 13.5 % and ascorbic acid content by 6.03 to 23.2 %. In contrast, the acidity of tomatoes decreased by 8.6 to 18.8 % as compared to non-grafted tomato plants. Among all treatments, R19 and R20 rootstocks grafted with Arka Rakshak performed best for fruit quality characters.
Nidhi Parmar and Viraj Roghelia
Laboratory of Foods and Nutrition, P.G. Department of Home Science, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388120, Gujarat, India. Corresponding e-mail: viraj_roghelia@spuvvn.edu
Abstract: The present study focused on the development and analysis of edible film using corn starch (CS), raw banana starch (BS) and taro root starch (TS). The starch was extracted from raw material and was evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, dispersibility and colour analysis. Edible films were developed from as such starch namely, (CS, TS, BS) and different blending of starches, namely CBS 40:60, CBS 50:50, CTS 40:60, and CTS 50:50, by casting method using sorbitol as a plasticizer. The developed films were analyzed for thickness, solubility, transparency, colour, tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The starch analysis revealed significant variation in bulk density, tapped density, water and oil holding properties, dispersibility, and brightness, in order corn starch> raw banana starch> taro root starch. The thickness of developed edible films ranged from 0.180 mm to 0.215 mm, and solubility from 32.756 to 72.453%. Among all the developed films, CBS 50:50 film had significantly higher transparency (0.678) after corn starch film (0.908), whereas, taro root starch-based film had the lowest transparency (0.388). The blending of raw banana starch with corn starch showed better mechanical properties among the developed films. Overall, the CBS 50:50 blend demonstrated the most favourable properties for edible film and holds great potential for use in biodegradable, edible packaging solutions.
1Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University. Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh. 2Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural. University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 3Department of Agroforestry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla. Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 4Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. Corresponding e-mail: jasimhort@sau.edu.bd
Abstract: Salinity is an important concern for crop production, especially in dry areas and gibberellic acid has shown promise in improving salinity tolerance. The purpose of this research was to examine the ability of gibberellic acid (GA3) to mitigate salinity stress in tomato plants. The experiment used BARI Hybrid Tomato-5 to investigate the effects of two GA3 dosages (0 and 100 ppm) on plant growth, physiology, and yield parameters in normal and stressed conditions (50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl). Salinity revealed a negative effect on tomato plants in terms of plant height, leaf and branch numbers, flowering and fruiting phases, and physiological features such as photosynthetic pigments, relative leaf water content, electrolyte leakage, proline content, and stomatal conductance including Na+ and K+ ions ofplants. The foliar spray of GA3 was useful in enhancing the salt tolerance of tomato plants and stimulated the growth of unstressed plants, resulting in increasing tomato yield.
P.S. Gharate1, R.G.Somkuwar2*, G.M.Waghmare3, A.S.Thutte4, P.B.. Kakade4 and P.K.Ausari5
1Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (M.S) - 431402, India. 2ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune (M.S) - 412307, India. 3Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (M.S) - 431402, India. 4Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. (M.S)- 413722, India. 4Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Gwalior (MP)- 474002, India. Corresponding e-mail: rgsgrapes@gmail.com
Abstract: Fifteen colour grape varieties were evaluated for bunch and raisin parameters. Highest bunch weight (226.8 g) was noted in E-5/20 AES x BC, while Muscat Hamburg had the maximum no of berry/bunch (95.7). H-25/11 had a maximum 50 berry weight (174.6 g), and the highest carbohydrate content (395.7 mg/g). Black Champa, had the highest TSS (25.4°B), maximum raisins recovery (25.0 %), highest phenol (4.3 mg/g), tannin (5.4 mg/g) and Omania Black had the maximum amount of anthocyanin (1363.3mg/g) content. Maximum reducing sugar was found in raisins made from E-5/12 AES x BC (142.4 g/mg), while minimum reducing sugar was recorded in raisins from Rizamet (97.6 mg/g). The highest protein content in raisins was recorded in Foster Seedlings (47.3 mg/g). Based on sensory evaluation, accession Foster Seedlings and Red Muscat performed better than others. Among the accessions studied, Black Champa, Foster Seedlings and Red Muscat performed better in sub-tropical climates for raisin making.
Karishma Verma1*, Suchita V. Gupta1, Bhagyashree N. Patil1, S.D. Jadhao2
1Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, Dr. PDKV Akola-444104, Maharashtra, India. 2Department of soil science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. PDKV Akola-444104, Maharashtra, India. Corresponding e-mail: vermakarishma1003@gmail.com, suchitavgupta@yahoo.co.in, bhagyashreepatil21@gmail.com
Abstract: This study investigated the textural and mechanical properties of tamarind (Tamarindus indica), including all parts such as shell, pods and pulp. The tamarind underwent various tests, including the compression test, cutting test, and textural profile analysis (TPA). Textural attributes including hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience were analyzed which provides a detailed understanding of the sensory characteristics of tamarind. Standardized testing methods were used to assess the mechanical properties and illustrate significant insights into the structural integrity of tamarind. The findings indicated the variability in texture and mechanical behaviour between different parts of tamarind. This data is valuable because of its application in designing food processing machinery and product development. The highest peak force required to break the shell was 2383.809 N and the force required to cut through the pulp was 14765.195 g indicating significant resistance to deformation. The mechanical properties of the shell of tamarind help in designing suitable packaging that protects the tamarind during transportation and handling, preventing damage and spoilage. The tamarind pod demonstrated a tough texture due to the presence of seed inside the pulp and moderate adhesiveness, good springiness, and cohesiveness, contributing to chewiness and resilience. The pulp exhibited firmness, moderate adhesiveness, elasticity, and chewiness, ensuring solid texture and mouthfeel quality.
Anshul Gupta1, Renu Dhupper1 and Bhupinder Singh2*
1Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2Division of Environmental Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. Corresponding e-mail: Anshul.Gupta@icar.gov.in; rdhupper@amity.edu; bhupindersinghiari@yahoo.com
Abstract: Sulphur dioxide (SO2), belongs to a group of highly reactive gaseous pollutants “oxides of sulphur,” that are emitted into the air upon fossil fuel burning and other sulphur-containing discharges from the industry. SO2 is known to cause damage to plantations and crops by adversely affecting the productivity and the quality of the economic produce. We hypothesize that there exists an inter and intra-species variation with respect to the SO2 response, which can be exploited. To understand the SO2 tolerance of crop plants, an experiment was, thus, conducted with three varieties of tomato (Solanum lycoperscium), var. H-414, H-445, and H-226, developed by IARI, New Delhi to assess their SO2 response in terms of the growth, yield and biochemical attributes under the ambient (~7 to 25µg SO2 m-3) and enriched SO2 (ambient SO2 + ?10 to 15µg SO2 m-3). An assessment of crop utilization of SO2-S as a nutrient source suggests that the variety H-445 was the most potent, H-414 slightly able to absorb and H-226 was the least efficient. The SO2-mediated damage was observed to increase gradually following the ESO2 exposure duration in the var. H-414 as against the response in var. H-445 which showed a higher initial ESO2 damage at 0 DAE but later showed a greater recovery from 0 to 14 DAE. The SO2 enrichment of the air environment under tomato cultivation was also found to contribute towards the plant’s S-requirement in variety H-445, which promoted its vegetative growth even under the stressful environment. Besides genetic variation in SO2 tolerance in tomatoes, the results also indicate greater adaptability and tolerance in var. H-445 to an elevated SO2 stress when compared to the other experimental tomato cultivars. Identification of air pollutant tolerant cultivars across crops may help protect the productivity and quality of the major dietary crops, which are likely to be threatened by climate change in the near future.
Abstract: Litchi (Litchi chinensis S.), a major fruit crop in India, faces severe threats from the bark-eating caterpillar (Indarbela quadrinotata and Indarbela tetraonis), which can cause significant damage to trees and reduce fruit yield. Traditional control methods, such as manual removal or chemical injection using a syringe, are often labour-intensive and inefficient. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a manual hand-injector tool for effective caterpillar control in litchi orchards. The hand-injector, designed at ICAR-CIAE, Bhopal, features a flexible wire and extended nozzle that enables precise application of insecticides directly into caterpillar boreholes, minimizing operator exposure and improving safety. Field testing in litchi orchards at ICAR- National Research Centre on Litchi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, demonstrated the tool’s effectiveness in significantly reducing caterpillar infestation across multiple litchi varieties within seven days of application. The tool proved to be highly efficient, safe, and time-saving, offering substantial drudgery reduction for farmers. This innovation represents an important advancement in mechanized pest management for litchi cultivation, providing a practical and sustainable solution to improve orchard productivity and protect crops.
V. Vishnu1, Deepa S. Nair1*, R.V. Manju2, N.S. Sonia3, K.P. Sindura4, A. Rahul1 and L.K. Akilan4
1Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, India; 2Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, India; 3Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, Kerala Agricultural University, Kasaragod, India; 4Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Corresponding e-mail: deepanair.s@kau.in.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i01.15
Key words: Chitosan, drought, photosynthetic parameters, gas exchange parameters, infrared gas analyser, drought stress
Abstract: The study, conducted at the Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal, and Aromatic Crops, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, aimed to assess the impact of foliar application of chitosan on photosynthetic performance in drought-stressed long pepper (Piper longum L.). Two concentrations of chitosan (0.5 and 1 g L-1) were applied to drought stress (irrigated at 60 and 75 % field capacities) and photosynthetic parameters were observed. Chitosan-treated plants, particularly at 1 g L-1 concentration, exhibited significantly higher relative water content, stomatal density, photosynthetic efficiency, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water-use efficiency. Chitosan-treated plants also showed improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content, and biomass yield compared to untreated controls. These findings suggest the potential of chitosan as a bio-elicitor against abiotic stresses in long pepper, warranting further research in this area.
M.A. Mir1,Ikra Manzoor1*, Ume Kulsum2, Manpreet Kaur3,Bisma Gulzar1 andSuhail Manzoor4
1Division of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar-190025, India. 2Division of Agricultural Statistics, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar-190025, India. 3Division of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141027, India. 4Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar-190025, India. Corresponding e-mail: manzoorikra@gmail.com
Abstract: The ‘Colt’ is a triploid hybrid of P. avium and P. pseudocerasus L. grown as a cherry rootstock because of its resistance to cherry stem pitting (a debilitating virus disease), Phytophthora root rot, bacterial canker and gopher damage. The current study was carried out using two types of explants: forced (F1) and unforced (F2) shoots tips. Five types of sterilants were used to sterilize explants: 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 10 minutes (S1), 0.1% mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 5 minutes (S2), ethyl alcohol for 10 seconds (S3), (S1) + (S3) and (S2) + (S3). During culture establishment, six growth regulator regimes viz., BA (benzyl adenine) (0.20), (0.40) and (0.60) and BA+IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) (0.20+0.01), (0.40+0.01), and (0.60+0.01) mg/L, two media i.e., MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) and WPM (Woody Plant Medium) were utilized. During shoot proliferation, MS & WPM culture medium with growth regulators viz., BA (0.20), (0.40) and (0.60), BA+IBA (0.20+0.01), (0.40+0.01) and (0.60+0.01) mg/L were used respectively. During rhizogenesis in different media (MS & WPM), various levels of IBA (0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 mg/L) were used. The superior rooted plants were hardened in sand & cocopeat, respectively. In this experiment, maximum culture asepsis (%) obtained in unforced shoot tips(F2) with (S5), maximum explant survival (%) in forced shoot tips (F1) with (S4), and highest establishment (%) with MS medium, BA (0.6) mg/L & in forced shoot tips (F1). Significantly higher shoot proliferation is obtained with MS medium with BA (0.6) mg/L, maximum shoot number & length in WPM medium with BA (0.2) mg/L. A significantly higher rooting percentage was obtained in an MS medium with IBA (1.00) mg/L and maximum ex vitro survival (%) in cocopeat.
Shabnam Pangtu1, Puja Sharma1, Sita Ram Dhiman1, Mast Ram Dhiman2, Bharati Kashyap1 and Rohit Chhabra3
1Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, India, 2ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Regional Station, Katrain, Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. 3Department of Botany and Environment Science, DAV University Jalandhar, Punjab. Corresponding e-mail: shabnam.pangtu34@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i01.16
Key words: Value addition, genotypes, ornamental, tinting, dye
Abstract: Tinting is a crucial technique for enhancing the visual appeal of flowers and increasing their market value. This study aimed to standardize the use and concentration of food dyes for tinting various ornamental kale genotypes. Conducted at Dr. YS Parmar UHF in Nauni, Solan, H.P., the research focused on assessing how different food dyes and their concentrations influenced coloration. In this experiment, three genotypes (Kt OK-2, Kt DH-19, and Nagoya) were tinted with food dyes at two concentrations viz., 3% and 5% for 24 hours. The results revealed that tinting with Apple Green dye for 24 hours achieved the maximum vase life, the shortest time to visible colour appearance, and the lowest dye solution uptake. Overall, all the dyes proved effective for tinting Ornamental Kale. Among the genotypes, 'Kt OK-2' produced the most visually appealing results. Thus, tinted stems provide a wider spectrum of colours while boosting the product’s market value, offering increased financial benefits to florists through value addition.
Neizohunuo and Laxuman Sharma*
Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim – 737102, India. Corresponding e-mail: lsharma@cus.ac.in
Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the physico-chemical parameters of five cultivars of Kiwifruit (Abbott, Allison, Bruno, Hayward and Monty) grown in different states of India (Sikkim, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh). Physico-chemical analyses such as fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit volume, fruit density, fuzziness, TSS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total sugar were determined. The physico-chemical properties of the fruits showed significant variations amongst cultivars and the locations of cultivation. Fruit weight was in the range of 42.38g in cv. Abbot grown in Himachal Pradesh to 95.84 g in cv. Bruno grown in Arunachal Pradesh. Fruit diameter was as high as 168 mm in cv. Hayward grown in Sikkim. Fruit length of 112 mm was observed as the highest in Cv. Bruno grown in Arunachal Pradesh. TSS was in the range of 11.16 oB in Cv. Monty collected from Himachal Pradesh to 17.03 oB in cv. Allison collected from Arunachal Pradesh. The variations in ascorbic were in the range of 80 mg (cv. Abott grown in Himachal Pradesh) to 112.26 mg/100g (cv. Bruno grown in Himachal Pradesh). All the cultivars under study had a narrow range of total sugar (11.26%- 12.99 %). Overall, the results revealed an appreciable quality of fruits grown in North East India at par with the commercially known kiwi-growing state of Himachal Pradesh. Almost all the physico-chemical parameters taken during the present studies were found to be at par with reported data of marketable fruits from different parts of the world, which reveals the standard quality of kiwifruits grown in India. More studies can be undertaken to establish the physico-chemical markers to identify the source of fruit.
R.M. Yani Abikresna Junanto, Sri Darmanti* and Yulita Nurchayati
Biology Department, Science and Mathematics Faculty, Diponegoro University, Prof. Soedarto, SH. Street, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java 50275, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: darmantisri@yahoo.co.id
Abstract: The study aimed to determine the effect of a combination of drought stress and nano-silica treatments to increase the content of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity of lemongrass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf] and determine the optimal combination. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors with 5 replications. The first factor was the level of drought stress (without drought stress, moderate, and severe). The second factor was the nano-silica dose, (0 mg/L, 125 mg/L, and 250 mg/L) with a volume of 10 mL per plant. The parameters measured were carotenoid content, proline content, total phenolics content, and antioxidant activity. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that there is a specific combination of drought stress and nano-silica which can increase the content of carotenoids, proline, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity in lemongrass. The treatment of moderate and severe drought stress with 125 and 250 mg/L nano-silica increased the carotenoid and proline content maximally. Higher total phenol content and antioxidant activity were obtained from the combination of 250 mg/L nano-silica without drought stress. The highest chlorophyll content was recorded from the combination of severe drought stress and 250 mg/L nano-silica. Drought stress treatment with 250 mg/L nano-silica could increase the antioxidants of lemongrass plants, but maximum production of antioxidants required different combinations of drought stress and nano-silica treatments. Nano-silica treatment at a dose of 250 mg/L in conditions of sufficient water or lack of water can be an optimal combination treatment in lemongrass cultivation.
Pooran Mal Meena*, R.K. Aggarwal, Purnima Mehta and H.C. Sharma
Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, (HP), India. @E-mail: pooranmeena.evs@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i01.19
Key words: Mid-hill, agroclimatic indices, heat use efficiency, regression models, yield, broccoli, benefit-cost ratio
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted in the mid-hill zone of Himachal Pradesh representing the sub-humid zone to study the phenological behaviour and heat use efficiency of broccoli crop under abiotic stresses. The broccoli variety, Sakata was evaluated under three thermal environments (T1- 8th October, T2 -28th October and T3-18th November). To expose the crop to different thermal environments, two mulching levels (M1-with black mulch and M2- without mulch) and two irrigation levels (I1- Irrigation at different phenological stages I2- rainfed conditions), during rabi season of 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Different agroclimatic indices were computed viz., accumulated growing degree days, helio-thermal units, photothermal units and heat use efficiency. The regression models were developed between the agroclimatic indices, yield and dry matter accumulation of crop. It was found that the broccoli crop sown on 28th October (the normal date of transplanting) took maximum (132) days to reach maturity. The number of days required to attain different phenological stages decreased with delayed sowing. The accumulated growing degree days requirement at the harvesting stage (921.4 ºC day) was observed maximum in timely transplanted (28th October) crop resulting in a higher yield per plot (10.4 kg) and decreased with late transplanted (18th November) crop. The crop utilized heat more efficiently under a timely sown crop. The highest heat use efficiency (HUE) was observed in the crop sown on 28th October and 8th October (27.37 and 25.35 kg/ha/°C/day), respectively. The regression models were developed between curd yield, dry matter accumulation and thermal units of the crop. The model explained 0.50, 0.44 and 0.47 variations in curd yield whereas 0.69, 0.58 and 0.63 variations in dry matter accumulation with different agroclimatic indices under different transplanted dates, mulching and irrigation levels respectively. Broccoli cultivation yielded a profit of ?5.17 lakhs/ha, demonstrating its profitability for farmers. The study highlighted that timely sowing, black mulch, and optimal irrigation significantly improved heat utilization efficiency in mid-hill sub-humid regions. Black mulch improved soil moisture and temperature, creating ideal conditions for broccoli, a thermo-sensitive crop.
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