B. Nova1, F.R.M. Bagus2, L. Syukriani2, and J. Jamsari2,3*
1Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia. 2Department of Agrotechnology, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia. 3Graduate School of Biotechnology, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia. Corresponding e-mail: jamsari@agr.unand.ac.id
Abstract: Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) has been demonstrated as a key regulator of protein translation in vivo and it participates in plant defense mechanisms against viral pathogens. In this study, we examined the genetic variation within a local pepper variant (Capsicum annuum) called Cabai Berangkai (CB), which is characterized by the eIF4E gene. DNA isolation and sequencing of the eIF4E gene were performed, followed by comparative analysis with four reference cultivars: Doux Long Des, Landes (DDL), Yolo Wonder (YW), FloridaVR2 (F), Yolo Y (YY). We detected significant allelic variation in the eIF4E gene of CB with unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results showed that comparison of the amino acids sequence of the eIF4E gene indicates high allele variation with the reference cultivars. CB also showed a unique amino acid substitution in the eIF4E protein among the different strains, possibly indicating genetic differentiation. These findings aid in understanding pepper genetics and are particularly relevant to the potential exploitation of diversity of eIF4E through breeding programs seeking increased viral resistance.
1Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria. 2Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria. 3Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria. 4Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria. Corresponding e-mail: chidinmaonoh@ymail.com
Abstract: This research demonstrated the possibility of growing and producing Gongronema latifolium using various substrate mixes and pinching regimes. The greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Research and Teaching Farm of the School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria, during the 2023 late-season farming period. The experiment followed a 4 x 3 factorial design in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and was replicated thrice. The factors were four substrate mixes (sawdust/poultry manure/biochar mix in the ratios of 3:2:0, 3:2:1, 3:2:2, and 3:2:3) and three pinching regimes (2, 4, and 6 weeks after transplanting). The substrates (sawdust, poultry manure, and ground biochar) were procured, composted, and cured for 2 weeks before mixing. The measurements were made in volume (v:v:v:v). The substrate mix was introduced into perforated black polybags of 11 cm x 13 cm size and 1 mm thickness. The filled polybags were watered and allowed 2 days for thoroughly binding the substrate mix. Seedlings from the nursery trays were then transplanted into the polybags filled with the substrate mix. Seedlings transplanted at 6 weeks of age were pinched with fingernails at the tip of the plant below the second leaf at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after transplanting, as per the experimental design. Staking, water application, and weeding were carried out at appropriate times. Data on growth and biomass production were collected. Growth and biomass production results showed significant (P<0.05) differences. Substrate mixes of 3:2:3 and 3:2:2 optimally improved growth and biomass production (number of leaves, leaf area, vine length, branches, and fresh and dry shoot weight). Pinching regimes at 4 and 6 weeks produced more leaves and branches, resulting in a larger quantity of fresh and dry shoot biomass of G. latifolium. Furthermore, the interactions of 3:2:3 + 6 weeks and 3:2:2 + 4 weeks recorded optimal leaves and fresh and dry biomass yields. As shoots and leaves are the economically significant components of the plant, pinching regimes at 4 and 6 weeks and the 3:2:3 + 6 weeks and 3:2:2 + 4 weeks are advised for farmer adoption. This method can increase vegetable output and assist in lowering world poverty.
1Department of Vegetable and Spice Crops, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar-736165, India. 2Department of Plantation Crops and Processing, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar-736165, India. Corresponding e-mail: safalrai93@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.50
Key words: Bell pepper, capsicum, growing environment, arecanut shade, open field
Abstract: Bell pepper is commonly produced in protected conditions with constraints. To study alternatives to shaded structures, this experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, during the rabi season of 2022-23 with two growing environments, i.e., arecanut shade (G1) and open field (G2) (as factor A), while five varieties—California Wonder (V1), Pusa Capsicum - 1 (KTPC -1) (V2), VLCP 2016-57 (V3), KTOC -1 (V4), and KTYC - 17 (V5)—were taken as factor B, laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Following comparable agronomic techniques in G1 and G2, growth, yield, and quality metrics were measured for the five varieties. The results substantiated that shade had a positive influence on bell pepper, as most parameters—such as plant height (26.32 cm, 36.96 cm, and 63.17 cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively); internode length (2.72 cm, 4.61 cm, and 6.58 cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively); days to first flowering (53.78 DAT); number of flowers per plant (18.28); number of fruits per plant (10.37); fruit length (6.57 cm); fruit width (5.74 cm); pericarp thickness (4.75 mm); average fruit Regarding the varieties, California Wonder (V1) reported better results for a few parameters: days to first flowering (52.30 DAT), number of flowers per plant (19.75), and number of fruits per plant (10.55). However, for most yield-attributing parameters—such as fruit length (7.17 cm), pericarp thickness (4.68 mm), average fruit weight (98.00 g), and fruit yield per plant (0.81 g)—the variety KTOC- 1 (V4) outperformed. The efficient utilization of natural resources under arecanut shade may have favored bell pepper productivity. However, the variety KTOC-1 as an intercrop would be the most appropriate choice for the Terai region of West Bengal.
Ranjit Singh, Ashna Acharya*and Parminder Singh
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab -141004, India. Corresponding e-mail: ashnaacharya1997@gmail.com
Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of eight tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L) varieties, namely Royal Virgin, Christmas Dream, Tom Pouce, Strong Gold, Apeldoorn, Lalibela, Purple Prince and Attila Graffiti, in open-field under subtropical conditions of Punjab. Variety Royal Virgin took significantly less number of days to sprout (43.00 days) along with early flowering (77.22 days), followed by Christmas Dream and Lalibela taking (47.11, 81.00) and (49.22, 81.11) days, respectively. Lalibela had the highest sprouting percentage (100%), flowering percentage (100%), and blossom length (32.33 days), followed by Christmas Dream and Royal Virgin, respectively. Royal Virgin had the maximum leaves (4.22), and the largest flower diameter (7.75 cm). The highest values for plant height (35.00 cm) and scape length (30.89 cm) were observed in Lalibela. Further, the Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed and a dendrogram was constructed with three clusters. HCA supported our results as Royal Virgin, Christmas Dream and Lalibela were grouped in cluster I with minimum days to sprouting and flowering along with maximum sprouting and flowering percentage, flower duration, plant height, scape length, number of leaves and desirable bulb traits. Based on the overall performance, Royal Virgin, Christmas Dream and Lalibela varieties were found promising under agro-climactic conditions of Punjab.
Natasha Gurung1*, Om Prakash Awasthi2, Sujit Sarkar1 and Sajeed Ali3
1ICAR-IARI Regional Station Kalimpong-734301. 2ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012. 3UBKV, RRS, Hill Zone, Kalimpong-734301. Corresponding e-mail: natashagurung23@gmail.com
Abstract: An experiment was carried out to study the influence of three commercial rootstocks, i.e., Rangpur Lime, Rough Lemon and Trifoliate Orange on the growth characteristics, grafting success, biochemical and nutrient accumulation in the leaves of Darjeeling mandarin. Data were collected 180 days after grafting for growth parameters and one year after grafting for biochemical and nutrient accumulation by the scion of Darjeeling mandarin. The results revealed significant variation across the rootstocks under study. Rough lemon recorded the highest grafting success (91.25 %) followed by Rangpur lime (87.50 %). In terms of growth parameters rough lemon demonstrated the highest rootstock length (22.26 cm), scion length (11.72 cm), and leaf area (39.59 cm²). Darjeeling mandarin was recorded highest starch content (2.9 mg/g), total sugar (1.31 mg/g), total protein (3.98 mg/g), and total phenol content (0.941mg/g). Higher proline content (1.9 mg/g) in rough lemon indicates a high stress tolerance. Trifoliate Orange recorded the lowest scion length (4.87 cm), leaf area (17.92 cm²) and total sugar content (0.89 mg/g). Concerning macronutrient and micronutrient accumulation, Rangpur Lime recorded the highest calcium (2.35 %), magnesium (0.42%) and iron content (149.8 %). Thus, the findings revealed that Rough Lemon and Rangpur Lime are the most promising rootstocks for improving growth, nutrient uptake, and biochemical traits of Darjeeling Mandarin, making them ideal rootstocks for commercial propagation on Darjeeling mandarin.
Gomez Saji*, Prasad Patil, Jacob Sharon, C.V. Sruthi and Bintu Kuruvila
Department of Postharvest Management, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, India-680656. Corresponding e-mail: saji.gomez@kau.in
Abstract: Despite being the largest fruit in the world, huge quantities of jackfruit are wasted in almost all jackfruit-growing countries. Post-harvest handling and market gluts are some of the bottlenecks posing challenges in the value chain. Tender jackfruit is widely consumed for its culinary applications to prepare various dishes owing to the meat like texture. About 60 % of tender jackfruit is comprised of inedible portions. When minimally processed, it becomes 100 % edible, adds convenience and can be prepared and consumed in less time. The present study evaluated the impact of antioxidants ascorbic and citric acids in combination with the antimicrobial compound sodium benzoate, packaging of the product in LDPE and PP over-wrapped with cling film, followed by storage at ambient and low temperatures. The pretreatments and packaging materials effectively prolonged the shelf life of minimally processed jackfruit by up to nine days when stored at low temperatures. The protocol adopted was effective in quality maintenance in terms of PLW, ascorbic acid, total carbohydrates, total phenols and retarded proliferation of bacteria, mould and yeast. E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus could not be detected throughout the storage period.
Harshit Mishra1*, Supriya1, Narendra Kumar Gupta2, Ankit Kumar Tiwari1 and Deep Chand Nishad1
1Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) – 224 229, India. 2Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Sciences, Sultanpur (U.P.) – 228 118, India. Corresponding e-mail: wehars@gmail.com.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.55
Key words: Bitter Gourd, Cobb-Douglas, farm business income, production, profitability, resource use efficiency
Abstract: This study aimed to assess the profitability and resource use efficiency of bitter gourd production during the agricultural year 2021-22 in Sultanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. A multistage stratified purposive cum random sampling technique was employed to select the district, block, villages, and respondents. A pre-tested questionnaire collected primary data and information from 100 bitter gourd-producing farmers. These farmers were classified into 66 marginal, 23 small, and 11 medium categories, selected from five villages in the Dubeypur block of Sultanpur district. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed to estimate resource use efficiency and analyse the functional relationship between inputs and output. The t-test was used to examine the significance of factor elasticities, while the F-test was applied to test the significance of the R2. The findings of the study revealed that the return to scale in bitter gourd production was increasing, indicating the potential for further investment in variable inputs to optimize income. Moreover, the Marginal Value Product was greater than one in most cases, indicating favourable prospects for investment. Aggregate measures calculated for financial efficiency indicated that marginal farms yielded higher profitability than small and medium farms. This demonstrates the comparative advantage of marginal farms regarding farm business income. The study highlights the importance of resource allocation and investment decisions for enhancing profitability in bitter gourd production.
S.C. Ravi1, T. Damodaran1*, M. Muthukumar1, Maneesh Mishra1, Shailendra Rajan1, Ram Gopal2, Alok Shukla1 and Prasenjit Debnath1
1ICAR- Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow (U.P.) – 226101.2Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, (U.P.) -224229. Corresponding e-mail:damhort73@gmail.com
Abstract: India is the largest banana producer in the world, with a production of 36.61 million tons and Grand Naine is the leading variety cultivated. However, Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), poses a significant challenge to this industry. The disease in India was first reported during 2017 in Uttar Pradesh further the disease has spread to other banana growing states like Bihar, Karnataka jeopardizing both commercial and subsistence farming. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of ICAR FUSICONT a bio-pesticide for managing Fusarium wilt on yield and economics in two cultivars viz., Grand Naine and Elakki. We used economic surplus method assuming closed economy model to assess the returns to research investment. The performance of ICAR FUSICONT led to significant improvements in yield and net returns. ICAR FUSICONT technology has been adopted in an area spanning 8,550 hectares. In Elakki banana, the yield increased by 8.25 t/ha in Karnataka, while the incremental yield was about 16.5 t/ha in Grand Naine variety in UP and Bihar. The farmers who adopted the technology witnessed a twofold increase in the net returns while the returns per rupee of expenditure increased from 1.30-1.34 to 1.78-1.85. Stepwise dummy variable regression indicated a substantial increase in net returns with adopting FUSICONT technology (Rs. 2,36,824 per ha). The total producer’s surplus generated by the technology was Rs. 210 crores and Rs. 94 crores for consumers, leading to a total economic surplus of Rs. 304 crores. In the era of increased threat caused by Foc TR4, the widespread adoption of the technology must ensure sustainability in banana cultivation and protect the producers' livelihood.
Warheel Ali1*, Nizar Mohammed2, Zeinab Younis3, Pashtiwan Zeebaree1 and Mohammed Qasim1
1Duhok Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. 2Akre University for Applied Sciences, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. 3Erbil Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.Corresponding e-mail: warheel.nadir@dpu.edu.krd
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.57
Key words: Paulownia plants, NPK, cytokinin, and gibberellic acid, GA3
Abstract: The investigation sought to examine the effects of nano NPK, cytokinin, and GA3 on the growth and chemical composition of Paulownia tree seedlings. The experiment comprised three treatments: Nano NPK at concentrations of 0 and 6 g L-1, applied monthly from April to September; cytokinin at concentrations of 0, 100, and 200 mg L-1, applied thrice in March, July, and September; and GA3 at concentrations of 0, 200, and 400 mg L-1, applied biannually in May and August. Plant sprayed with 6 g L-1 Nano NPK increased all vegetative and chemical parameters compared with control. Furthermore, plants sprayed with 200 mg L-1 cytokinin increase plant height to 96.67 cm, leaves number 31.22 leaf plant-1, stem diameter 5.56 cm, leaves area 277.83 cm2, nitrogen content in leaves 1.65 %, and total carbohydrate in leaves 8.94 % compared with control. In contrast, the plants sprayed with 400 mg L-1 GA3 plant height increased to 92.11 cm, leaves number 29.50 leaf plant-1, leaves area 257.90 cm2, nitrogen and phosphorus content in leaves 1.77- 2.80 %, and total carbohydrate in leaves 8.30 %. Nonetheless, plants treated with 200 mg L-1 GA3 exhibited an increase in total chlorophyll content in leaves to 24.40 mg g-1 fresh weight in comparison to the control group. Further investigation is necessary to ascertain whether higher concentrations than those employed in this study may produce better outcomes.
El-Saady Mohamed Badawy, Mohamed Abdel-Khalik El-Khateeb and Adel A. Mahmoud
Abstract: Zinnia elegans, a widely utilized flowering plant for pots, cut flowers, bouquets, and gardens, necessitates macro- and micro-nutrients for optimal growth, development, and flowering. This study, conducted in 2023 and 2024, aimed to enhance the plant's growth and flowering response through foliar applications of Nano-NPK, Nano-micronutrients, and their combination.The results indicated that all treatments significantly affected the plant growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights and root length) compared to control. In most cases, spraying with Nano-NPK 4 mL/L, and NPK + Nano fmicro-elements (4 mL/L ) increased the plant height, formation of leaves and branches per plant, the weights of the leaves, stem thickness to the highestvalues and exhibited the longest roots. The impact of nano fertilizers on flowering revealed that the highest number of flowering heads was recorded in plants treated with Nano-NPK + Nano-micro 2 and 4 mL/L and the largest flowering head size with Nano-NPK+ Nano-micro 4 mL/L. The Nano treatments significantly increased the fresh weight of flowers, especially with the mixture of Nano-NPK + Nano-micro at 4 mL/ L. Compared to the control, using of Nano fertilizers significantly increased all the flowering parameters. All the Nano-treatments significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll-a, b and total chlorophyll, and carbohydrates. The highest contents were obtained with Nano-NPK + micro-elements 4mL/ L and Nano-NPK at 4 mL/L alone.
Maisha Majid Mukta1,2, Md. Farhad Hossain3, Paroma Arefin1 and Salma Ahmed1*
1Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. 2Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. 3Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh. Corresponding e-mail: salmaifst@yahoo.com
Abstract: This study examined the nutritional composition and the antioxidant properties of unripe papaya (Carica papaya L. var BARI Papaya-1) peel powder which could be an ideal functional food source to be incorporated into food products in the future. From the analysis, it showed that the peel powder is rich in nutrients containing protein (10.51%), crude fiber (15.58%), moisture (9.41%), ash (6.33%), carbohydrate (57.07%) and energy ( 280.24 kcal/100 g ). It further revealed substantial content of bioactive vitamins with antioxidant activity, such as vitamin C (60.6 mg/100 g), ?-carotene (2952.08 µg/100 g), and vitamin A (246.01 RE/100 g). The results indicated that the peel powder had total phenolic content (1216.75 mg GAE/100 g DW), total flavonoid content (158 mg QE/100 g DW), and excellent total antioxidant activity (161.75 mg/100 g DW). The free radical scavenging ability was remarkably higher in peel powder in particular, with the highest DPPH radical inhibition of 74.41% obtained from the 80% methanolic extract of peel powder. Thus, these results indicate that the unripe peel powder of papaya can be used as a potential source of nutrients and antioxidants for health-promoting food and nutraceutical applications.
1Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India. 2Government Agriculture College, Tijara, Alwar, Rajasthan, 301411, India. 3Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Uttarakhand, 246174, India. Corresponding e-mail: deven.26212@lpu.co.in
Abstract: Growing potatoes in grow bags is a technique for solving space constraints, especially in urban and small-scale agricultural environments. By improving root development, increasing aeration, and making harvesting easier, the grow bags provide the conditions for the best possible potato growth. In urban and peri-urban regions, where access to large land parcels is often limited, this approach is very helpful. The study evaluated the growth and yield parameters of different potato varieties in grow bags that grow well in North Indian Plains. These varieties were grown in the poly grow bags with the growing mixture of soil, vermicompost and cocopeat (4:3:1). All the bags had the same soil mixture. The findings revealed that the Kufri Chandramukhi gave the highest yield (1037.50 g/bag) in the grow bags, followed by Diamond (908.26 g/bag) in the same soil mixture under Punjab conditions. Kufri Chandramukhi also had the highest plant height (29.41 cm), haulm girth (6.50 mm) and number of haulms (4.90). It adapted successfully in the constrained environment without any incidence of insect pests or any disease. The soil mixture used for the production of potato was helpful by increasing the tuber yield and decreasing the irrigation intervals.
Asrar Y. Mohamad1, Taghreed E. Eissa2*, Evon A. Khella2. M.A. Barsoom2 and M.A.A. Ahmed3,4*
1Manufacturing Engineering and Food Packaging Research Department, Food Technology, Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. 2Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Department, Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. 3Plant Production Department (Horticulture - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt. 4National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding/Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, Hainan, China. Corresponding e-mail: dr.taghreed.eissa.2019@gmail.com; drmohamedmarey19@alexu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2025.v27i02.61
Key words: Active packaging, cold storage, high carbon dioxide, gypsophila, modified atmosphere packages storage, relative fresh weight, water uptake
Abstract: Gypsophila paniculata L. 'Bristol Fairy' flowers have a high economic value in the floriculture industry because they are used as cut flowers, decorations and potted plants. Their lifespan is critical in determining quality, market value, and customer satisfaction. This study, carried out at the Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Giza, Egypt, looked into the effects of active and passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the postharvest quality of cut Gypsophila flowers during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. The following compositions of gases were examined: passive-MAP (78.97 N2, 0.03 CO2, and 21% O2), MAP1 (90 N2, 5 CO2, and 5% O2), MAP2 (85 N2, 10 CO2, and 5% O2), MAP3 (80 N2, 15 CO2, and 5% O2) and control (unpacked cut flowers). The findings demonstrated that MAP2 and polyethene bags significantly enhanced water absorption, fresh weight, carbohydrate production, and appearance quality. The average storage life of Gypsophila flowers under passive MAP was 19.07 days, with the longest being 29.42 days with MAP2 and polyethylene bags.
R.G. Somkuwar1, Nilima Gobade1, A.K. Sharma1, Pradip Kakade1, P.S Gharate2 and P.S. Karande3
1ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, P. B. No. 3, Manjri Farm Post, Solapur Road, Pune-412307 (Maharashtra), India. 2Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413722 (Maharashtra), India. 3Department of Horticulture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani-431402 (Maharashtra), India. Corresponding e-mail: rgsgrapes@gmail.com
Abstract: Fifteen different grape varieties were evaluated for raisin making and raisin quality. The highest raisin recovery was observed in Clone 2A as compared to other varieties in this study. Amongst the different varieties, TSS ranged from 22.30 °B in AH-2-8 to Manjari Kishmish and Clone 2A with 23.60 °B TSS. The highest reducing sugar content in fresh berries and raisins was recorded in the Rieber variety. The highest protein content in fresh berries and raisin was recorded in Sundekhani and Merbein Seeded. However, the highest phenol concentration was found in Manjari Kishmish and Convert Large Black. The maximum carbohydrate was higher in Red Muscat and Athens. The variety Clone 2A was found better for higher raisin recovery and can be a potential variety in grape growing regions for raisin purposes.
S. Vishnu Shankar1,3, Ashu Chandel1, C. Nandhini2, Adit Kumar Yadav1 and Pranchal Gupta1
1Department of Basic Sciences, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (HP), India. 2Department of Social Sciences, Kumaraguru Institute of Agriculture, Erode (TN), India. 3Department of Physical Science & Information Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (TN), India. Corresponding e-mail: s.vishnushankar55@gmail.com
Abstract: India ranks as the second-largest country in land area and garlic production globally, following China. The study attempted to investigate the price transmission of garlic between the major north Indian markets of India. Attempts were also taken to determine the extent of integration between the markets. The Granger causality test confirmed the presence of bidirectional and unidirectional relationships between markets such as Chandigarh, Delhi, Dehradun, and Shimla. The results showed that garlic price in Shimla mostly depend on the price in neighbouring markets. Both tests of Johansen cointegration confirmed the presence of long-run relationships among the markets. The vector error correction model revealed a positive relationship between Chandigarh - Delhi, and Chandigarh - Shimla markets. Chandigarh and Dehradun markets achieved short-term equilibrium quickly, while the Shimla market attained it more slowly. No short-run equilibrium was observed in the Delhi market. This research will help to understand the interdependencies and equilibrium dynamics among garlic markets, offering insights for market participants and policymakers.
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